Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow within the Influence Area of Highway Off-Ramps
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Carbon Emission Modeling of the Human Driving Scenarios
2.1.1. Carbon Emission Calculation Model of Fuel Vehicles
2.1.2. Carbon Emission Calculation Model of Electric Vehicle
2.2. Carbon Emission Modeling of the Intelligent Vehicle Mixing Scenario
2.2.1. Carbon Emission Calculation Model of Traffic Flow Based on Intelligent Vehicles
2.2.2. Carbon Emission Calculation Model of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow
- Carbon emission measurements of intelligent vehicle dedicated lane.
- 2.
- Calculation of carbon emissions based on the proportion of vehicles at off-ramps
2.3. Carbon Emission Modeling of the Vehicle Queue Driving Scenario
2.3.1. Carbon Emissions of Traffic Flow under Electric Vehicle Queue
- Carbon emissions based on the size of the electric fleet
- 2.
- The carbon emissions based on the expected front time distance of the intelligent vehicle
2.3.2. Carbon Emissions of Traffic Flow under Mixed Queue of Fuel and Electric Fleet
- The carbon emission calculation is based on the proportion of fuel vehicles in the fleet
- 2.
- Carbon emission measurement based on mixed fleet size
2.4. Data Collection and Traffic Flow Modeling Parameter Calibration
2.4.1. Traffic and Carbon Emissions Data Collection
2.4.2. Parameter Calibration
- Car-Following Models
- Manual Car-Following Model
- Autonomous Car-Following Model
- 2.
- Lane Change Model
2.5. Simulation Experiment Scenarios
2.5.1. Simulation Scenario
2.5.2. Simulation Design
3. Results
3.1. Intelligent Vehicle Infiltration Scenario Experiment
3.1.1. Intelligent Vehicle Infiltration Analysis
3.1.2. Intelligent Vehicle Dedicated Lane
3.1.3. Off-Ramp Vehicle Proportion
3.2. Intelligent Vehicle Platoons Scenario Experiment
3.2.1. Electric Vehicle Platoon Size
3.2.2. Desired Headway of Intelligent Vehicles
- Impact of desired headway of ACC vehicles on traffic flow carbon emissions.
- 2.
- Impact of desired headway of CACC vehicles on traffic flow carbon emissions.
3.2.3. Mixed Convoys of Gasoline and Electric Vehicle
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Modeling Approach | Classical Model | Applicable Scenarios | Core Concept |
---|---|---|---|
Based on Average Velocity | MOBILE Model | Country, Regional, and Macro-Level Energy Consumption and Emission Calculations | Dividing vehicle types into 28 categories to predict future vehicular emission factors. |
COPERT Model | based on regional sales statistics of automotive fuels. | ||
EMFAC Model | Calculation principles similar to the MOBILE model | ||
Based on Driving Conditions | MOVES Model | Micro/Meso-Level Energy Consumption and Emission Analysis Applicable to Road Segments, Intersections, etc. | Establishing the relationship between vehicular emissions and second-by-second vehicle operating conditions based on Vehicle-Specific Power (VSP) |
IVE Model | Using the ES-VSP to categorize vehicular operating conditions into 60 types | ||
CMEM Model | Segmenting vehicular emission data based on extensive testing under various operating conditions | ||
/ | V-T micro | Fuel Consumption and Traffic Emissions Analysis for Individual Vehicles | The primary traffic parameters are vehicle speed and acceleration |
/ | METANET Model | Mesoscopic-Level | Utilizing a second-order relationship model between traffic flow parameters |
Loss Source | Ullage |
---|---|
Power grid loss | 8% |
Loss of power plant itself | The power consumption of 300 MW unit is about 5%, which is calculated as 5% |
Charging loss | 4% |
Vehicle Off-Ramp Occupancy | The Carbon Emissions Produced per Hour |
---|---|
0.1 | 7.20 × 103 g |
0.2 | 7.13 ×103 g |
0.3 | 7.12 × 103 g |
0.4 | 7.11 × 103 g |
0.5 | 7.10 × 103 g |
0.6 | 7.09 × 103 g |
0.7 | 7.12 × 103 g |
0.8 | 7.15 × 103 g |
0.9 | 7.17 × 103 g |
1 | 7.20 × 103 g |
Parameter | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
value | 30 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 5 | 2 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 1.6 |
(s) | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.2 |
---|---|---|---|
Proportion (%) | 50.4 | 18.5 | 31.1 |
Parameters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
value | 5 | 2 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 1.6 |
(s) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion (%) | 57.0 | 24.0 | 7.0 | 12.0 |
Parameter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 260 m | 160 m | 0.036 | 0.016 |
Experimental Category | Vehicle Type | Parameter Values | |
---|---|---|---|
Influence Factor Analysis | Intelligent Vehicle Infiltration Rate | Manual Vehicle (Fuel) Intelligent Vehicle (Fuel) | P = 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% |
Percentage of Vehicles Exiting the Ramp | P = 40%; = 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% | ||
Dedicated Lane for Autonomous Vehicles | P = 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% | ||
Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Electric Vehicle Fleets | Scale of Electric Vehicle Fleet | Manual Vehicle (Fuel) Intelligent Vehicle (Fuel) | P = 40%; N = 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Desired Time Headway of Intelligent Vehicles | Manual Vehicle (Fuel) Intelligent Vehicle (Electric) | tc = 0.6 s; ta = 1.1, 1.6, 2.2 s; P = 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% | |
ta = 1.1 s; tc = 0.6, 0.9, 1.1 s; P = 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% | |||
Mixed Fleet Size | P = 40%; N = 1, 2, 3, 4 |
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Su, X.; Chen, F.; Li, B.; Liu, L.; Xiang, Y. Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow within the Influence Area of Highway Off-Ramps. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179554
Su X, Chen F, Li B, Liu L, Xiang Y. Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow within the Influence Area of Highway Off-Ramps. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(17):9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179554
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Xiaozhi, Fangrong Chen, Bowei Li, Liangchen Liu, and Yun Xiang. 2023. "Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow within the Influence Area of Highway Off-Ramps" Applied Sciences 13, no. 17: 9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179554
APA StyleSu, X., Chen, F., Li, B., Liu, L., & Xiang, Y. (2023). Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Heterogeneous Traffic Flow within the Influence Area of Highway Off-Ramps. Applied Sciences, 13(17), 9554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179554