Transparent Silicone–Epoxy Coatings with Enhanced Icephobic Properties for Photovoltaic Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coatings
2.2. Synthesis of the Chemical Modifiers
2.3. Analysis of the Chemical Modifiers
2.4. Preparation of the Samples
2.5. Determination of the Optical Properties
2.6. Determination of Roughness
2.7. Determination of Hydrophobicity
2.8. Determination of Freezing Delay Time (FDT)
2.9. Determination of Ice Adhesion Strength (IA)
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Polysiloxanes Derivatives
3.2. Optical Properties
3.3. Roughness of the Surface
3.4. Hydrophobic Properties
Water Contact Angle at Temperatures Below 0 °C
3.5. Icephobic Properties
3.5.1. Ice Adhesion Strength
3.5.2. Freezing Delay Time
3.5.3. Summary of the Icephobic Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of the Chemical Groups on Wettability and Icephobicity
4.2. Relationship between Wettability and Icephobicity
5. Conclusions
- The silicone–epoxy coatings produced in the entire tested spectral range showed similar optical properties (T, R, A) to those of glass. They can be potentially used in photovoltaic panels.
- The chemical modification with polysiloxanes resulted in an increase in surface roughness compared to the unmodified coating.
- The chemical modification with polysiloxanes contributed to an increase in hydrophobicity, with most samples achieving WCA values close to 90°.
- The use of polysiloxanes resulted in a significant reduction in the CAH and RoA values compared to those of the unmodified coating.
- The WCA values at reduced temperatures decreased for all applied modifications compared to the WCA values determined at room temperature. In addition, it was observed that the lower the ambient temperature, the lower the WCA value.
- Double-functionalized polysiloxanes in the epoxy–silicone matrix led to a significant improvement in the anti-icing properties, a reduction in ice adhesion, and an increased freezing delay time of water droplets in comparison to the unmodified silicone–epoxy resin.
- The synergistic effect of the AGE and HEX functional groups at the polysiloxane core yielded better icephobic and hydrophobic results compared to those obtained with the AGE and OCT functional groups when using a silicone–epoxy matrix.
- Two relationships were observed for the modifications used. As the WCA values increased and as the RoA values decreased, the IA values were reduced.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No. | MOD Type | PHS | Olefin 1 | Olefin 2 | Molar Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (REF) | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | MOD 1/2 wt.% | PHS992 | AGE | OCT | 1:2 |
3 | MOD 2/2 wt.% | PHS992 | AGE | OCT | 1:4 |
4 | MOD 3/2 wt.% | PHS992 | AGE | HEX | 1:2 |
5 | MOD 4/2 wt.% | PHS992 | AGE | HEX | 1:4 |
Stage | Spin Speed [rpm] | Spin Accel. [rpm/s] | Spin Time [s] |
---|---|---|---|
Dispense | 100 | 1000 | 10 |
Spread | 2000 | 1000 | 20 |
EBR | 500 | 1000 | 10 |
Dry | 4000 | 1000 | 40 |
Sample No. | MOD Type | Core of MOD | Olefin 1 | Olefin 2 | Molar Ratio | Ra [nm] | WCA [°] | CAH [°] | RoA [°] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (REF) | - | - | - | - | 2 ± 0.1 | 80 ± 1 | 22 ± 2 | 75 ± 8 | |
2 | MOD1 | PWS992 | AGE | OCT | 01:02 | 12 ± 1.1 | 84 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 50 ± 3 |
3 | MOD2 | PWS992 | AGE | OCT | 01:04 | 21 + 1.9 | 89 ± 1 | 7 ± 2 | 55 ± 9 |
4 | MOD3 | PWS992 | AGE | HEX | 01:02 | 5 + 0.5 | 88 ± 2 | 9 ± 1 | 35 ± 6 |
5 | MOD4 | PWS992 | AGE | HEX | 01:04 | 7 + 0.4 | 90 ± 1 | 11 ± 2 | 32 ± 14 |
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Ziętkowska, K.; Przybyszewski, B.; Grzęda, D.; Kozera, R.; Boczkowska, A.; Liszewska, M.; Pakuła, D.; Przekop, R.E.; Sztorch, B. Transparent Silicone–Epoxy Coatings with Enhanced Icephobic Properties for Photovoltaic Applications. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137730
Ziętkowska K, Przybyszewski B, Grzęda D, Kozera R, Boczkowska A, Liszewska M, Pakuła D, Przekop RE, Sztorch B. Transparent Silicone–Epoxy Coatings with Enhanced Icephobic Properties for Photovoltaic Applications. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(13):7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137730
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiętkowska, Katarzyna, Bartłomiej Przybyszewski, Dominik Grzęda, Rafał Kozera, Anna Boczkowska, Malwina Liszewska, Daria Pakuła, Robert Edward Przekop, and Bogna Sztorch. 2023. "Transparent Silicone–Epoxy Coatings with Enhanced Icephobic Properties for Photovoltaic Applications" Applied Sciences 13, no. 13: 7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137730