Investigations on Factors Affecting 3D-Printed Holes Dimensional Accuracy and Repeatability
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment 1: The Influence of 3DP Parameters, Equipment and Slicer on Holes’ Dimensional Accuracy
2.2. Experiment 2: Surgical Drill Guide Holes’ Dimensional Accuracy and Repeatability
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of the Experiment 1
3.2. Results of the Experiment 2
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimen | Variable 3DP Parameters | Fixed 3DP Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Shells | Layer Thickness (mm) | Printing Speed (mm/s) | ||
1 | 2 | 0.2 | 30 | Diameter of filament: 1.75 mm Extrusion temperature: 215 °C Bed temperature: 60 °C Infill density: 15% Infill pattern: gyroid No adhesion Flow rate: 100% Fan speed: 100% Top/bottom: 2 layers Line width: 0.45 mm |
2 | 2 | 0.2 | 50 | |
3 | 2 | 0.2 | 65 | |
4 | 3 | 0.2 | 30 | |
5 | 3 | 0.2 | 50 | |
6 | 3 | 0.2 | 65 | |
7 | 2 | 0.32 | 30 | |
8 | 2 | 0.32 | 50 | |
9 | 2 | 0.32 | 65 | |
10 | 3 | 0.32 | 30 | |
11 | 3 | 0.32 | 50 | |
12 | 3 | 0.32 | 65 |
Manufacturing Site | 3D Printer | Slicer | Material | No. of Test Parts |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Prusa Replica | Prusa | PLA 1 | 12 |
2 | Original Prusa i3 | Prusa | PLA 1 | 1 (specimen 13) |
3 | Creality CR10 | Cura | PLA 1 | 1 (specimen 14) |
4 | Ender 3 | Simplify3d | PLA 2 | 1 (specimen 15) |
5 | Mojo | Print Wizard | ABS | 1 (specimen 16) |
Specimen | Layer Thickness (mm) | No. of Shells |
---|---|---|
17 | 0.1 | 2 |
18 | 0.1 | 3 |
19 | 0.2 | 2 |
20 | 0.2 | 3 |
Specimen | 10 mm Holes—Mean Diameter | 8 mm Holes—Mean Diameter | 6 mm Holes—Mean Diameter | Printing Time | Dimensional Error (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.866 | 7.873 | 5.876 | 2 h 44 min | 0.134 |
2 | 9.864 | 7.868 | 5.844 | 2 h 26 min | 0.136 |
3 | 9.837 | 7.840 | 5.824 | 2 h 25 min | 0.163 |
4 | 9.800 | 7.803 | 5.816 | 3 h 7 min | 0.200 |
5 | 9.812 | 7.809 | 5.785 | 2 h 42 min | 0.188 |
6 | 9.826 | 7.778 | 5.762 | 2 h 36 min | 0.174 |
7 | 9.784 | 7.750 | 5.753 | 2 h | 0.216 |
8 | 9.774 | 7.727 | 5.734 | 1 h 51 min | 0.226 |
9 | 9.758 | 7.728 | 5.688 | 1 h 48 min | 0.242 |
10 | 9.734 | 7.698 | 5.681 | 2 h 12 min | 0.266 |
11 | 9.718 | 7.683 | 5.639 | 1 h 58 min | 0.282 |
12 | 9.708 | 7.667 | 5.630 | 1 h 54 min | 0.292 |
Source | DF | SS | MS | F-Value | p-Value |
Analysis of Variance for 10 mm diameter | |||||
Shells | 1 | 0.006769 | 0.006769 | 39.1 | 0 |
Layer thickness | 1 | 0.02332 | 0.02332 | 134.7 | 0 |
Speed | 2 | 0.0004 | 0.0002 | 1.16 | 0.368 |
Error | 7 | 0.001212 | 0.000173 | ||
Total | 11 | 0.031701 | |||
R2: 96.18% | Adjusted R2: 93.99% | ||||
Analysis of Variance for 8 mm diameter | |||||
Shells | 1 | 0.010092 | 0.010092 | 143.83 | 0 |
Layer thickness | 1 | 0.04296 | 0.04296 | 612.26 | 0 |
Speed | 2 | 0.001597 | 0.000799 | 11.38 | 0.006 |
Error | 7 | 0.000491 | 0.00007 | ||
Total | 11 | 0.055141 | |||
R2: 99.11% | Adjusted R2: 98.60% | ||||
Analysis of Variance for 6 mm diameter | |||||
Shells | 1 | 0.013736 | 0.013736 | 180.29 | 0 |
Layer thickness | 1 | 0.05096 | 0.05096 | 668.85 | 0 |
Speed | 2 | 0.006189 | 0.003094 | 40.61 | 0 |
Error | 7 | 0.000533 | 0.000076 | ||
Total | 11 | 0.071419 | |||
R2: 99.25% | Adjusted R2: 98.83% |
Specimen | Hole Axis Angle | 2.3 mm Diameter | 4.5 mm Diameter | 6.5 mm Diameter | Printing Time | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before (mm) | After (mm) | Before (mm) | After (mm) | Before (mm) | After (mm) | |||
17 0.1/2 | 5° | 2.05 | 2.031 | 4.141 | 4.134 | 6.212 | 6.287 | 8 h 12 min |
10° | 2.05 | 2.031 | 4.141 | 4.187 | 6.212 | 6.265 | ||
15° | 2.05 | 2.031 | 4.141 | 4.334 | 6.212 | 6.287 | ||
18 0.1/3 | 5° | 1.833 | 1.833 | 4.141 | 4.130 | 6.212 | 5.997 | 8 h 26 min |
10° | 1.833 | 1.827 | 4.141 | 4.315 | 6.212 | 6.203 | ||
15° | 1.833 | 1.827 | 4.141 | 4.320 | 6.036 | 6.202 | ||
19 0.2/2 | 5° | 1.883 | 1.827 | 4.260 | 4.130 | 6.212 | 6.060 | 4 h 21 min |
10° | 1.883 | 1.827 | 4.216 | 4.220 | 6.212 | 6.253 | ||
15° | 1.883 | 1.827 | 4.141 | 4.230 | 6.065 | 6.253 | ||
20 0.2/3 | 5° | 2.05 | 2.043 | 4.350 | 4.341 | 6.350 | 6.208 | 4 h 28 min |
10° | 2.05 | 2.043 | 4.350 | 4.344 | 6.220 | 6.281 | ||
15° | 2.05 | 2.088 | 4.295 | 4.344 | 6.212 | 6.360 |
Source | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|
2.3 mm holes | 0.16 | 0.692 |
4.5 mm holes | 0.16 | 0.692 |
6.5 mm holes | 0.421 | 0.523 |
Hole Diameter | Source | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
2.3 mm before | Layer thickness | 0.12 | 0.741 |
Number of shells | 0.12 | 0.741 | |
Angle | 0 | 1 | |
2.3 mm after | Layer thickness | 0.02 | 0.883 |
Number of shells | 0.03 | 0.865 | |
Angle | 0.01 | 0.993 | |
4. 5 mm before | Layer thickness | 20.05 | 0.03 |
Number of shells | 4.88 | 0.063 | |
Angle | 0.84 | 0.471 | |
4.5 mm after | Layer thickness | 0.72 | 0.425 |
Number of shells | 6.29 | 0.041 | |
Angle | 3.81 | 0.076 | |
6.5 mm before | Layer thickness | 0.48 | 0.510 |
Number of shells | 0.21 | 0.657 | |
Angle | 2.66 | 0.138 | |
6.5 mm after | Layer thickness | 0.27 | 0.619 |
Number of shells | 0.21 | 0.659 | |
Angle | 2.31 | 0.170 |
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Popescu, D.; Gheorghe Amza, C.; Marinescu, R.; Cristiana Iacob, M.; Luminiţa Căruţaşu, N. Investigations on Factors Affecting 3D-Printed Holes Dimensional Accuracy and Repeatability. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010041
Popescu D, Gheorghe Amza C, Marinescu R, Cristiana Iacob M, Luminiţa Căruţaşu N. Investigations on Factors Affecting 3D-Printed Holes Dimensional Accuracy and Repeatability. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(1):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010041
Chicago/Turabian StylePopescu, Diana, Cătălin Gheorghe Amza, Rodica Marinescu, Mariana Cristiana Iacob, and Nicoleta Luminiţa Căruţaşu. 2023. "Investigations on Factors Affecting 3D-Printed Holes Dimensional Accuracy and Repeatability" Applied Sciences 13, no. 1: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010041