Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles

Chen, Peiyu; Lu, Chengyi; Mao, Zhaoyong; Tian, Wenlong; Zeng, Liteng; Li, Mengjie; Zhang, Jiming; Li, Bo

doi:10.3390/app12094761

Open AccessArticle

Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles

by

Peiyu Chen

¹,

Chengyi Lu

²,

Zhaoyong Mao

^1,2,*,

Wenlong Tian

²,

Liteng Zeng

²,

Mengjie Li

²,

Jiming Zhang

² and

Bo Li

²

¹

Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

²

School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4761; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094761

Submission received: 9 April 2022 / Revised: 29 April 2022 / Accepted: 6 May 2022 / Published: 9 May 2022

(This article belongs to the Section Transportation and Future Mobility)

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Abstract

Storage and discharge conditions of primary lithium batteries are studied and the capacity estimation models during the whole life cycle of underwater vehicles is developed based on temperature. The storage experiments for 90 days at different temperatures and discharge experiments at different temperatures and current rates are conducted. At low temperatures, experimental results reveal that there is no significant capacity decay during storage. At high temperatures, the charge storage capacity attenuates with the increase of storage, and the attenuation rate is directly related to the temperature. In discharge experiments, maximum available capacity increases with temperature during 0 °C to 25 °C, whereas the given phenomenon is not significant at other temperatures. Moreover, the current rate is less important for the maximum available capacity. To establish capacity estimation models during the storage stage and working stage of underwater vehicles, we have developed a capacity decay model and a temperature calibration model. Moreover, the model accuracy is evaluated, and the errors in capacity decay model and temperature calibration model are less than 2% and 0.7%, respectively. Capacity estimation models provided in this research are not only accurate, but also relatively simple, which have high value for underwater vehicles in engineering applications.

Keywords: primary lithium batteries; capacity decay model; capacity calibration model; underwater vehicles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, P.; Lu, C.; Mao, Z.; Tian, W.; Zeng, L.; Li, M.; Zhang, J.; Li, B. Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4761. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094761

AMA Style

Chen P, Lu C, Mao Z, Tian W, Zeng L, Li M, Zhang J, Li B. Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(9):4761. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094761

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Peiyu, Chengyi Lu, Zhaoyong Mao, Wenlong Tian, Liteng Zeng, Mengjie Li, Jiming Zhang, and Bo Li. 2022. "Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles" Applied Sciences 12, no. 9: 4761. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094761

APA Style

Chen, P., Lu, C., Mao, Z., Tian, W., Zeng, L., Li, M., Zhang, J., & Li, B. (2022). Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles. Applied Sciences, 12(9), 4761. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094761

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Capacity Estimation Models of Primary Lithium Batteries during Whole Life Cycle of Underwater Vehicles

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