Retrospective Analysis of Functional Pain among Professional Climbers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Procedures
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- Section One on demographic data;
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- Section Two on training behaviors;
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- Section Three on musculoskeletal pain that occurred in the participants;
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- Section Four on injuries in the past;
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- Section Five with questions about the technique and biological regeneration methods used by the climbers, as well as three ROM (range of movement) tests that the participants performed at home (Apley scratch tests for both external and internal rotation and chain to sternum movement).
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Functional Pain Characteristics of the Climbers’ and Control Groups
3.2. Incidence of Functional Pain in the Cohort
4. Discussion
4.1. Clinical Relevance
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Climbers n = 183 | Control n = 160 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Female; % (n) | 47.54 (87) | 56.25 (90) | 0.061 *** |
Male; % (n) | 52.46 (96) | 43.75 (70) | |
Age; mean ± SD (range); | 30.21 ± 7.25 (18–59); | 28.98 ± 7.89 (20–64); | 0.133 ** |
Height (cm); mean ± SD (range); | 172.85 ± 9.26 (154–200) | 173.52 ± 9.19 (150–200) | 0.501 ** |
Weight (kg); mean ± SD (range); Me (Q1:Q4) * | 65.78 ± 11.36 (40–98); 64 (57:74) | 72.7 ± 16.47 (45–140); 70 (60:83) | <0.001 * |
BMI; mean ± SD (range); Me (Q1:Q4) * | 21.70 ± 2.44 (16.44–29.07) 21.33 (20.19:23.24) | 24.24 ± 4.67 (16.9–42.27) 23.19 (20.88:27.01) | <0.001 * |
Anatomical Location of Functional Pain | Predictors | Odds Ratio | Std. Error | CI | p (Adjusted) | AUC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GHJ | (Intercept) | 0.48 | 0.17 | 0.35–0.67 | <0.001 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 3.06 | 0.23 | 1.96–4.77 | <0.001 * | 0.635 | |
Elbow | (Intercept) | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.18–0.38 | <0.001 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 2.86 | 0.25 | 1.77–4.63 | <0.001 * | 0.625 | |
Fingers | (Intercept) | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.21–0.43 | <0.001 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 7.74 | 0.25 | 4.76–12.56 | <0.001 * | 0.733 | |
C | (Intercept) | 1.76 | 0.16 | 1.27–2.43 | <0.001 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.18–0.43 | <0.001 * | 0.345 | |
Th | (Intercept) | 1.46 | 0.16 | 1.07–2.00 | 0.019 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.23–0.54 | <0.001 * | 0.372 | |
L-S | (Intercept) | 2.08 | 0.17 | 1.49–2.89 | <0.001 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.20–0.49 | <0.001 * | 0.360 | |
Head | (Intercept) | 4.33 | 0.20 | 2.91–6.45 | <0.001 * | - |
Climbing (yes = 1) | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.04–0.11 | <0.001 * | 0.207 |
Anatomical Location of Functional Pain | Predictors | Odds Ratio | Std. Error | CI | p (Adjusted) | AUC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GHJ | (Intercept) | 0.53 | 0.17 | 0.28–0.99 | 0.048 * | - |
Gender (female = 1) | 3.34 | 1.12 | 1.74–6.44 | 0.004 * | 0.638 | |
Preferred style of climbing (lead = 1) | 2.04 | 0.67 | 1.07–3.88 | 0.120 | 0.582 | |
Performance level (exp = 1) | 1.47 | 0.52 | 0.73–2.96 | 0.438 | 0.510 | |
Fingers | (Intercept) | 2.54 | 0.85 | 1.32–4.88 | 0.010 * | - |
Gender (female = 1) | 0.41 | 0.14 | 0.21–0.81 | 0.020 * | 0.385 | |
Preferred style of climbing (lead = 1) | 1.42 | 0.49 | 0.72–2.78 | 0.409 | 0.528 | |
Performance level (exp = 1) | 1.96 | 0.77 | 0.90–4.25 | 0.356 | 0.575 | |
Thoracic spine | (Intercept) | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.14–0.51 | 0.004 * | - |
Gender (female = 1) | 1.95 | 0.65 | 1.02–3.73 | 0.043 * | 0.580 | |
Preferred style of climbing (lead = 1) | 1.53 | 0.50 | 0.80–2.91 | 0.396 | 0.550 | |
Performance level (exp = 1) | 1.32 | 0.47 | 0.66–2.65 | 0.438 | 0.512 | |
Lumbosacral spine | (Intercept) | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.25–0.83 | 0.013 * | - |
Gender (female = 1) | 1.96 | 0.62 | 1.05–3.64 | 0.043 * | 0.578 | |
Preferred style of climbing (lead = 1) | 0.90 | 0.28 | 0.48–1.67 | 0.739 | 0.487 | |
Performance level (exp = 1) | 1.32 | 0.45 | 0.68–2.59 | 0.438 | 0.520 |
Part of Body | Location of Pain | Climbers n = 183 % (n) | Control n = 160 % (n) |
---|---|---|---|
Upper Limb | GHJ | 59.56 (109) * | 32.50 (52) |
Arm | 29.51 (54) | 29.38 (47) | |
Elbow | 42.62 (78) * | 20.63 (33) | |
Forearm | 23.50 (43) | 21.88 (35) | |
Hand | 33.33 (61) | 35.00 (56) | |
Fingers | 69.95 (128) * | 23.13 (37) | |
Spine | Cervical | 32.79 (60) | 63.75 (102) * |
Thoracic | 33.88 (62) | 59.38 (95) * | |
Lumbosacral | 39.34 (72) | 67.50 (108) * | |
Head | 22.40 (41) | 81.25 (130) * |
Part of Body | Anatomical Location of Functional Pain | Female Climbers n = 87 (%) | Male Climbers n = 96 (%) | Female Control n = 90 (%) | Male Control n = 70 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper Limb | GHJ | 73.56 (64) *^ | 46.88 (45) ^^ | 40.00 (36) | 22.86 (16) |
Arm | 27.87(24) | 31.25 (30) | 33.33 (30) | 24.29 (17) | |
Elbow | 44.83(39) ^ | 40.63 (39) ^^ | 22.22 (20) | 18.57 (13) | |
Forearm | 25.29(22) | 21.88 (21) | 24.44 (22) | 18.57 (13) | |
Hand | 31.03(27) | 35.48 (34) | 44.44 (40) ** | 22.86 (16) | |
Fingers | 59.77 (52) ^ | 79.17 (76) */^^ | 25.56 (23) | 20.00 (14) | |
Spine | Cervical | 35.63 (31) | 30.21 (29) | 76.67 (69) **/^ | 47.14 (33) ^^ |
Thoracic | 41.38 (36) * | 27.08 (26) | 73.33 (66) **/^ | 41.43 (29) ^^ | |
Lumbosacral | 47.13 (41) * | 32.29 (31) | 81.11 (73) **/^ | 50.00 (35) ^^ | |
Head | 28.74 (26) * | 15.63 (15) | 88.42 (84) **/^ | 65.71 (46) ^^ |
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Jakub, M.; Marta, J.; Przemysław, D.; Mariusz, K.; Paweł, P.; Tomasz, D.; Daria, W.; Elżbieta, S. Retrospective Analysis of Functional Pain among Professional Climbers. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052653
Jakub M, Marta J, Przemysław D, Mariusz K, Paweł P, Tomasz D, Daria W, Elżbieta S. Retrospective Analysis of Functional Pain among Professional Climbers. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(5):2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052653
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakub, Matuska, Jokiel Marta, Domaszewski Przemysław, Konieczny Mariusz, Pakosz Paweł, Dybek Tomasz, Wotzka Daria, and Skorupska Elżbieta. 2022. "Retrospective Analysis of Functional Pain among Professional Climbers" Applied Sciences 12, no. 5: 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052653