Mechanical Performance of Cement Bound Granular Mixtures Using Recycled Aggregate and Coconut Fiber
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Specimens Preparation and Test Methods
Type of Test | Test Standard | Reference | Curing Age |
---|---|---|---|
IBI | EN 13286-47 | [51] | n.a. |
UCS | EN 13286-41 | [52] | 7 days |
ITS | EN 13286-42 | [53] | 7 and 28 days |
FLS | EN 12390-5 | [54] | 28 days |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Immediate Bearing Index
3.2. Unconfined Compressive Strength
3.3. Indirect Tensile Strength
3.4. Flexural Strength
4. Conclusions
- Regarding immediate trafficking, the IBI results indicate good performance for all CBGM, underlining the suitability of RA to replace NA.
- The mechanical performance tests—UCS, ITS, and FLS—revealed that the CBGM with RA presented a reasonably similar performance to the CBGM with high-quality NA, clearly indicating that the use of RA does not compromise the overall performance of the CBGM. Furthermore, notwithstanding the low cement dosages considered, 2% and 3%, all CBGM exceeded the usual minimum strength requirements set by the specifications of infrastructure administrations.
- The use of CF promoted the effect of fiber reinforcement. However, in the cases of UCS and ITS, it did not have clear effects in the peak resistance of the CBGM. On the other hand, it effectively enhanced FLS at a higher cement dosage (3%). Generally, in all the tests, the use of CF maintained the integrity of the specimens at post-test. Furthermore, if compared to the CBGM without CF, the specimens of CBGM with CF presented minimal loss of particles and splitting during test loading and at post-test. Such an effect highlights the potential of CF to enhance the durability of the CBGM and its response under damaged (post-cracking) conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CBGM Designation | Type of Aggregate | Cement Dosage | CF Dosage |
---|---|---|---|
NA_2_0 | Natural | 2% | 0% |
NA_2_0.1 | Natural | 2% | 0.1% |
RA_2_0 | Recycled | 2% | 0% |
RA_2_0.1 | Recycled | 2% | 0.1% |
RA_3_0 | Recycled | 3% | 0% |
RA_3_0.1 | Recycled | 3% | 0.1% |
Sieve of Square Aperture (mm) | Cumulative Percent Passing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Aggregate | Specification Limits | |||
NA | RA | Minimum | Maximum | |
40 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
31.5 | 97.4 | 96.1 | 80 | 99 |
16 | 72.8 | 75.5 | 63 | 77 |
8 | 55.1 | 51.8 | 43 | 60 |
4 | 38.3 | 36.7 | 30 | 52 |
2 | 24.6 | 25.8 | 23 | 40 |
1 | 15.6 | 19.6 | 14 | 35 |
0.5 | 11.0 | 13.9 | 10 | 30 |
0.063 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 2 | 7 |
Property | Test Standard | NA | RA |
---|---|---|---|
Fines (% under 0.063 mm) | EN 933-1 | 2.8 | 4.0 |
Flakiness index (FI) | EN 933-3 | 11 | 8 |
Shape index (SI) | EN 933-4 | 12 | 8 |
Sand equivalent (SE) | EN 933-8 | 39 | 70 |
Methylene blue (g/kg) | EN 933-9 | 10 | 7 |
Los Angeles coefficient (LA) | EN 1097-2 | 33 | 38 |
Fraction 0/4—Apparent particle density (Mg/m3) | EN 1097-6 | 2.43 | 2.43 |
Fraction 0/4—Water absorption (%) | 4.1 | 6.0 | |
Fraction 4/31.5—Apparent particle density (Mg/m3) | 2.66 | 2.75 | |
Fraction 4/31.5—Water absorption (%) | 2.3 | 4.9 |
Property | Value |
---|---|
Length (mm) | 130 |
Apparent density (Mg/m3) | 1.42 |
Water absorption (%) | 140 |
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Crucho, J.; Picado-Santos, L.; Neves, J. Mechanical Performance of Cement Bound Granular Mixtures Using Recycled Aggregate and Coconut Fiber. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041936
Crucho J, Picado-Santos L, Neves J. Mechanical Performance of Cement Bound Granular Mixtures Using Recycled Aggregate and Coconut Fiber. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(4):1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041936
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrucho, João, Luís Picado-Santos, and José Neves. 2022. "Mechanical Performance of Cement Bound Granular Mixtures Using Recycled Aggregate and Coconut Fiber" Applied Sciences 12, no. 4: 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041936
APA StyleCrucho, J., Picado-Santos, L., & Neves, J. (2022). Mechanical Performance of Cement Bound Granular Mixtures Using Recycled Aggregate and Coconut Fiber. Applied Sciences, 12(4), 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12041936