Heat Transfer Analysis and Effects of (Silver and Gold) Nanoparticles on Blood Flow Inside Arterial Stenosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Causes | Symptoms | Complications |
Birth defects, build-up of calcium, radiation therapy and rheumatic fever. | Chest pain, heart palpitations, swollen ankles or feet and difficulty in walking short distances. | Stroke, heart failure, blood clots, arrhythmias and endocarditis. |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Continuity Equation
2.2. Equation of Motion
2.3. Energy Equation
2.4. Boundary Conditions
2.4.1. The Inlet
2.4.2. The Outlet
2.4.3. At the Wall
2.4.4. Thermal Insulation
2.5. Computational Mesh
3. Validation
4. Results
5. Conclusions
- The laminar flow study showed that the velocity of the blood flow varies throughout the model due to arterial plaque. The maximum velocity of the blood flow was 1.59 m/s at t = 0.1 s;
- The streamlines showed abnormal behavior near the stenosis area and that recirculation occurred as the intensity of the stenosis increased; however, the flow was normal when nanoparticles were added;
- The isothermal contours displayed the results clearly on colored surfaces at t = 0.1, 0.7 and 1 s;
- The temperature and Nusselt number curves varied for slight variations of time;
- The pressure profiles also manifested clear patterns near the stenosed region;
- We can further study the physical qualities, such as skin friction coefficient, and also analyze the problem using radiation and magnetohydrodynamic effects to understand the reasons for stenosis, which may help in the treatment of arterial stenosis.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Elements | Element Size | Mesh Area | |
---|---|---|---|
Mesh 1 | Normal | 0.5949 m2 | |
Present study | Mesh 2 | Fine | 0.5948 m2 |
Property | Value |
---|---|
Mesh vertices | 1195 |
Edge elements | 173 |
Quadrilateral entities | 234 |
Triangles | 1747 |
Vertex elements | 8 |
Average element quality | 0.8291 |
Minimum element quality | 0.3539 |
Mesh area | 0.5948 m2 |
Total no. of elements | 1981 |
Ratio area of element | 0.06767 |
Property | Value |
---|---|
Maximum element growth rate | 1.13 |
Maximum element size | 0.028 |
Minimum element size | 8 × 10−4 |
Curvature factor | 0.3 |
Resolution of narrow region | 1 |
Geometric entity level | Entire geometry |
Property | Variable | Blood | Gold | Silver | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamic viscosity | 0.003 | 0.00464 | 0.005 | Pa. s | |
Heat capacity | 3746 | 129 | 235 | J/(kg. K) | |
Thermal conductivity | K | 0.52 | 310 | 429 | W/(m. K) |
Density | 1063 | 19,300 | 10,500 | Kg/m2 |
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Hussain, A.; Sarwar, L.; Rehman, A.; Akbar, S.; Gamaoun, F.; Coban, H.H.; Almaliki, A.H.; Alqurashi, M.S. Heat Transfer Analysis and Effects of (Silver and Gold) Nanoparticles on Blood Flow Inside Arterial Stenosis. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031601
Hussain A, Sarwar L, Rehman A, Akbar S, Gamaoun F, Coban HH, Almaliki AH, Alqurashi MS. Heat Transfer Analysis and Effects of (Silver and Gold) Nanoparticles on Blood Flow Inside Arterial Stenosis. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(3):1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031601
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Azad, Lubna Sarwar, Aysha Rehman, Sobia Akbar, Fehmi Gamaoun, Hasan Huseyin Coban, Abdulrazak H. Almaliki, and Maram S. Alqurashi. 2022. "Heat Transfer Analysis and Effects of (Silver and Gold) Nanoparticles on Blood Flow Inside Arterial Stenosis" Applied Sciences 12, no. 3: 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031601
APA StyleHussain, A., Sarwar, L., Rehman, A., Akbar, S., Gamaoun, F., Coban, H. H., Almaliki, A. H., & Alqurashi, M. S. (2022). Heat Transfer Analysis and Effects of (Silver and Gold) Nanoparticles on Blood Flow Inside Arterial Stenosis. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031601