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Article

Steric, Activation Method and Solvent Effects on the Structure of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes

by
Patricia Delgado-Martínez
1,
Luis Moreno-Martínez
2,
Rodrigo González-Prieto
2,*,
Santiago Herrero
2,
José L. Priego
2 and
Reyes Jiménez-Aparicio
2,*
1
Centro de Asistencia a la Investigación Difracción de Rayos X, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
2
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031000
Submission received: 16 December 2021 / Revised: 5 January 2022 / Accepted: 17 January 2022 / Published: 19 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New and Old Inorganic Materials, Prof Carlos Pico and M.Luisa Veiga Festschrifts)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Featured Application

The most studied application of diruthenium compounds is as catalysts in different chemical processes due to the possibility of diruthenium units to coordinate chemical species through their axial, equatorial or peripheral positions. However, the most promising application of these complexes is as a carrier of drugs in anticancer therapy and in the research of the structure of biomolecules.

Abstract

Conventional heating and solvothermal synthetic methods (with or without microwave activation) have been used to study the reaction of o-, m- and p-methoxybenzoic acid with [Ru2Cl(μ-O2CMe)4]. The tetrasubstituted series [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-R)4], with R = o-OMe, m-OMe and p-OMe, has been prepared by the three procedures. Depending on the synthetic method and the experimental conditions, three compounds have been isolated (1a, 1b, 1c) with the o-methoxybenzoate ligand. However, with the m- and p-methoxybenzoate ligands, only the complexes 2 and 3 have been obtained, respectively. Compound 1a, with stoichiometry [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]n, shows a polymeric structure with the chloride ions bridging the diruthenium units to form linear chains. Compounds 2 and 3, with the same stoichiometry, predictably form zig-zag chains in accordance with their insolubility and their magnetic measurements. Compound 1b, [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(EtOH)], is a discrete molecular species with a chloride ion and one ethanol molecule occupying the axial positions of the dimetallic unit. Compound 1c is a cation-anion complex, [Ru2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(MeOH)2][Ru2Cl2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]. The cationic complex has two solvent molecules at the axial positions whereas the anionic complex has two chloride ligands at these positions. Complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, mass spectrometry and IR and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopies. A magnetic study of complexes 1a, 1b, 2 and 3 have also been carried out. The crystal structure of compounds 1b and 1c have been solved by single X-ray crystal methods.

1. Introduction

The syntheses and properties of numerous formally mixed-valent diruthenium(II,III) complexes have been reported to date [1,2,3]. The synthesis and reactivity of tetracarboxylatochloridodiruthenium complexes, [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CR)4] (R = alkyl o aryl), with paddlewheel structure have been intensively studied due to their singular electronic and magnetic properties [4] and their potential applications in several fields as catalysers [5,6], anticancer drugs [7,8], drugs carriers [9] or structural probes of biomolecules [10,11,12]. These complexes are usually obtained by the metathesis reaction of [Ru2Cl(μ-O2CMe)4]n with an excess of the corresponding carboxylic acid in a refluxing mixture of methanol/water (1:1). In many cases it is necessary to carry out more than one cycle of metathesis to obtain pure tetrasubstituted compounds. Reactions with N,O-donor ligands as amides or hidroxypyridines need more drastic reaction conditions to carry out the complete replacement of the acetate ligands in [Ru2Cl(μ-O2CMe)4]n [13,14,15,16,17,18,19].
Our research group has described microwave activation as a very effective synthetic method for total acetate ligands substitution in this type of compound [20,21,22]. In addition, the solvothermal activation produces similar substitution reactions. With microwave activation, reaction times and yields are usually better than those found in conventional heating methods. However, the most important advantage of the solvothermal synthesis is the preparation of single crystals of insoluble compounds, as is the case for tetraamidato complexes [23,24]. These alternative synthetic procedures have also been used to exchange carboxylate ligands, although in just a few examples [23,25,26]. More recently, we have shown that the reaction of [Ru2Cl(μ-O2CMe)4]n with formamidines or amides activated by ultrasounds selectively gives the monosubstituted complexes [27].
In this paper, we describe the preparation of new complexes with [Ru2(μ-O2CC6H4-R)4]+ cores: [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]n (1a), [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(EtOH)] (1b), [Ru2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(MeOH)2][Ru2Cl2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4] (1c), [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]n (2) and [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]n (3) using conventional heating and solvothermal methods (with or without microwave activation) in order to compare the advantages and disadvantages of these methods in the preparation of tetracarboxylatodiruthenium complexes. The synthesis and crystal structure of complex 3 has been previously described by Das and Chakravarty [28]. Two different crystalline forms of complex 1 (1a and 1c) have been characterized by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The rest of the complexes have been isolated as microcrystalline solids. The influence on these reactions of the position of the -OMe group in the phenyl ring has also been studied.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

All reactants and solvents were acquired from commercial sources and used as received without further purification. The starting reagent [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CMe)4]n was synthesized following the general procedure described in the literature [29].
Microwave reactions were carried out in an ETHOS ONE microwave oven using TFM Teflon closed vessels equipped with a temperature sensor and pressure control. Solvothermal syntheses were carried out in a Memmert Universal Oven UFE 400 using Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclaves.

2.2. Physical Measurements

Elemental analyses were carried out at the Microanalytical Services of the Complutense University of Madrid. FT-IR measurements were carried out in the 4000–650 cm−1 spectral range with a Perkin–Elmer Spectrum 100 equipped with a universal ATR accessory. The electronic spectra of the complexes in the solid state were acquired on a Cary 5G spectrophotometer equipped with a Praying Mantis accessory for diffuse reflectance measurements. The reflectance data were converted by the instrument software to the F(R∞) values according to the Kubelka–Munk theory. Mass spectra were recorded by the Research Interdepartmental Service (SIdI) of Universidad Autónoma de Madrid using a VG AutoSpec mass spectrometer and m-nitrobenzyl alcohol (m-NBA) as matrix. Nominal molecular masses and the isotopic distribution of all peaks were calculated using the MASAS computer program [30], using a polynomial expansion based on natural abundances of the isotopes. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data were measured on a Quantum Design MPMSXL SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometer at 0.5 T for compounds 1a, 2 and 3 and 1 T for 1b over a temperature range of 2–299 K. All data were corrected for the diamagnetic contribution of the samples and for the signal of the sample holder. The molar diamagnetic corrections for the complexes were calculated on the basis of Pascal’s constants.

2.3. Crystallography

Single crystal X-ray diffraction data collection was carried out at room temperature on a Bruker Smart CCD diffractometer using graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα (λ = 0.71073 Å) operating at 50 kV and 35 mA for 1b and 50 kV and 30 mA for 1c. In both cases, data were collected over a hemisphere of the reciprocal spaceCell; parameters were determined and refined by a least-squares fit of all reflections. The first 100 frames were collected at the end of the data collection to monitor crystal decay, and no appreciable decay was observed. A semi-empirical absorption correction (SADABS23) was applied in both cases. A summary of the fundamental crystal and refinement data is given in Table 1. CCDC 2,118,574 (for 1c) and 2,118,575 (for 1b) contain the crystallographic data for the compounds described in this article. These data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif (accessed on 16 December 2021).

2.4. Synthesis

2.4.1. Synthesis of [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]n (1a)

The synthesis of this compound was carried out following two different methods:
Method a: Microwave assisted solvothermal synthesis. [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CCH3)4]n (0.12 g, 0.25 mmol), o-methoxybenzoic acid (0.23 g, 1.50 mmol), 8 mL of ethanol and a magnetic stirrer bar were placed into an 85 mL TFM Teflon vessel. The vessel, sealed with a lid equipped with temperature and pressure sensors, was placed in the microwave oven. The reaction mixture was then treated by a three-step program consisting of (i) 15 min heating ramp up to 100 °C, (ii) 16 h isotherm at 100 °C and (iii) 20 min cooling ramp up to room temperature. A brown solid is obtained after filtration and washing with 2 × 10 mL of cold ethanol. Finally, it was dried under vacuum. Yield: 76%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]·H2O}n (1a·H2O): C, 44.68; H, 3.52. Found (%): C, 44.39; H, 3.69.
Method b: Conventional synthesis. First, 0.12 g (0.25 mmol) of [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CCH3)4]n and 0.23 g (1.50 mmol) of o-methoxybenzoic acid were added to 24 mL of MeOH/H2O (1:1). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h. The brown precipitate formed was obtained by filtration, washed twice with 10 mL of absolute ethanol and dried under vacuum. Yield: 53%: Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]·H2O}n (1a·H2O): C, 44.68; H, 3.52. Found (%): C, 44.45; H, 3.58.
FT-IR (cm−1): 3073w, 3021w, 2942w, 2839w, 1608w, 1587w, 1490w, 1473w, 1446m, 1391s, 1315w, 1287m, 1247m, 1181w, 1167w, 1115w, 1085w, 1043m, 996w, 969w, 899w, 887w, 845w, 788m, 755s, 703w, 678m.
UV-Vis-NIR (diffuse reflectance): [λ, nm] 332sh, 450, 1088.
Mass spectrometry [m/z (fragment)]: 808 [Ru2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]+.
µeff (R.T.) = 3.86 µB.

2.4.2. Synthesis of [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(EtOH)] (1b)

Method c: Solvothermal synthesis. The same reagents and quantities used for the synthesis of 1a were added to a 23 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and stirred to get a homogenous dispersion. The closed reactor was treated under a three-step program consisting of (i) 2 h heating ramp up to 100 °C, (ii) 24 h isotherm at 100 °C and (iii) 40 h cooling ramp down to room temperature. Brown, needle-shaped crystals were obtained after filtration, washed with cold absolute ethanol (2 × 10 mL) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 71%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(EtOH)]·H2O (1b): C, 45.06; H, 4.00. Found (%): C, 45.19; H, 3.80.
FT-IR (cm−1): 3117w, 2978w, 2945w, 2842w, 2184w, 1600m, 1581m, 1492m, 1469m, 1437m, 1387s, 1328w, 1295w, 1276m, 1251s, 1183m, 1166m, 1149m, 1105m, 1042m, 1019m, 937w, 876w, 852m, 788w, 752s, 705w, 670s.
µeff (R.T.) = 4.17 µB.

2.4.3. Synthesis of [Ru2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(MeOH)2][Ru2Cl2(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4] (1c)

The synthesis of this complex was carried out following the solvothermal synthesis (method c) used to obtain 1b, with the same reagents, quantities and conditions, but using methanol as solvent and 16 h of cooling. After filtering and washing with cold ethanol (2 × 10 mL), a blackish powder is obtained together a few amber crystals, which are manually collected for X-ray diffraction analysis. Due to the small quantity of these crystals, a more complete characterization has not been possible.

2.4.4. Synthesis of [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]n (2)

This compound has been obtained by means of the three synthetic methods described for compounds 1a and 1b, using m-methoxybenzoic acid (0.23 g, 1.50 mmol). Similar conditions were used in each case, unless otherwise stated.
Method a: Yield: 77%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]·H2O}n (2·H2O): C, 44.68; H, 3.52. Found (%): C, 44.52; H, 3.32.
Method b Yield: 76%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]·0.5H2O}n (2·0.5H2O): C, 45.16; H, 3.43. Found (%): C, 45.13; H, 3.34.
Method c: MeOH as solvent and 16h of cooling ramp down to room temperature were used in this synthesis. Yield: 47%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]·3H2O}n (2·3H2O): C, 42.89; H, 3.82. Found (%): C, 41.96; H, 3.38. No better elemental analysis has been obtained for the product obtained by this procedure.
FT-IR (cm−1): 3018w, 2941w, 1736w, 1587w, 1490w, 1460m, 1446m, 1398s, 1286m, 1247m, 1114w, 1043s, 787m, 755s, 678m.
UV-Vis-NIR (diffuse reflectance): [λ, nm] 328sh, 490, 1169.
Mass spectrometry [m/z (fragment)]: 808 [Ru2(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]+.
µeff (R.T.) = 4.14 µB.

2.4.5. Synthesis of [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]n (3)

This compound has been obtained by means of the three synthetic methods described for compounds 1a and 1b using p-methoxybenzoic acid (0.23 g, 1.50 mmol). Similar conditions were used in each case, unless otherwise stated.
Method a: Yield: 48%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]·H2O}n (3·H2O): C, 44.68; H, 3.52. Found (%): C, 44.28; H, 3.39.
Method b Yield: 61%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]·H2O}n (3·H2O): C, 44.68; H, 3.52. Found (%): C, 44.32; H, 3.33.
Method c: An isotherm at 90 °C and 24 h of cooling ramp down to room temperature were used in this synthesis. Yield: 79%. Anal. Calcd.(%) for {[Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]·2H2O}n (3·2H2O): C, 43.67; H, 3.67. Found (%): C, 42.98; H, 3.31. No better elemental analysis has been obtained for the product obtained by this procedure.
FT-IR (cm−1): 3078w, 2935w, 2837w, 1603s, 1584w, 1517w, 1443w, 1388s, 1314m, 1255s, 1168s, 1107w, 1019m, 847m, 784w, 771s, 699m.
UV-Vis-NIR (diffuse reflectance): [λ, nm] 352, 474, 1162.
Mass spectrometry [m/z (fragment)]: 808 [Ru2(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]+.
µeff (R.T.) = 4.07 µB.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis

Three synthetic methods have been used to obtain compounds [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-R)4], with R = o-OMe (1a, 1b, 1c), m-OMe (2) and p-OMe (3): (a) microwave assisted solvothermal synthesis, (b) conventional synthesis and (c) solvothermal synthesis. These methods make possible the complete replacement of the four acetate groups in the starting compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CCH3)4]n by the corresponding methoxybenzoate group. In all cases, a 50% excess of the methoxybenzoic ligand was used to favor the reaction. The preparation of compounds 1a, 1b and 1c depends on the synthetic method or the experimental conditions, such as the solvent or the cooling time, whereas compounds 2 and 3 have been obtained by the three methods. The microwave assisted solvothermal method allowed the synthesis of compounds 1a, 2 and 3 with yields of 76, 77 and 48%, respectively. Conventional metathesis reactions in MeOH/H2O (1:1) under reflux conditions also yielded compounds 1a, 2 and 3 (yields = 53, 76 and 61%, respectively). In the three cases, due to the insolubility of the product, only one metathesis cycle was enough to get a pure phase of the compound. Solvothermal synthesis was valid to obtain compounds 2 and 3. Although the solvothermal synthesis is a very useful method to obtain single crystals, it very often leads to a mixture of complexes. In this work, the elemental analyses of complexes 2 and 3 obtained by this method could indicate that these compounds are not very pure. For this reason, the best characterization data of 2 and 3 have been obtained with the samples prepared by conventional heating. On the other hand, using solvothermal activation with the o-methoxybenzoate ligand did not make possible obtaining compound 1a; compounds 1b and 1c were obtained instead. In this method, slight differences in the reaction conditions have been used to obtain each compound with the best yield. In this way, compound 2 was obtained in methanol applying an isotherm of 100 °C and 16 h of cooling ramp (yield = 76%). In the synthesis of compound 3, 90 °C, ethanol and a cooling ramp of 24 h (yield = 61%) have been used. Compound 1b was synthesized with a good yield (71%) at 100 °C in ethanol and a cooling ramp of 40 h. However, only a few crystals of compound 1c were obtained in a similar reaction in methanol at 100 °C and 16 h of cooling. Scheme 1 summarizes the synthetic methods used to obtain compounds 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 and 3.
Moderate or high yields were obtained except for compound 1c, and there are no appreciable differences between the synthetic methods. This seems to indicate that microwave activation does not improve the yield in relation to conventional methods, as it has been previously observed for the synthesis of other diruthenium(II,III) complexes [20,21,23,24,25,26]. Nevertheless, the microwave method allows the use of ethanol as solvent, which is less toxic and contaminant than the methanol required in the conventional synthesis. Long-time controlled cooling ramps up to room temperature of the solvothermal syntheses have allowed the formation of single crystals of compounds 1b and 1c. The use of the solvothermal synthesis to get single crystals of insoluble products is well known and it has been previously described for diruthenium derivatives [23,24,25,26]. The rest of products (1a, 2 and 3) have been obtained as microcrystalline solids. However, single crystals of compound 3 were obtained previously from the reaction mixture by diffusion of methanolic solutions of p-methoxybenzoic acid and [Ru2Cl(μ-O2CMe)4]n [28]. The insolubility of compounds 1a, 2 and 3 in the most usual solvents, indicates a polymeric nature as it is usual in the major part of the tetracarboxylatochloridodiruthenium(II,III) compounds [1,2,4]. The polymeric nature of complex 3 was confirmed by Das and Chakravarty [28].
The position of the methoxy group in the methoxybenzoate ligand also plays an important role in the substitution process. In all cases, the electronic effect can be neglected because the differences must be minimal. However, the steric hindrance must be much more important. Thus, when the substituent is located in metha or para positions, there are no differences in the substitution process; only one compound is obtained. However, when the -OMe group is located in ortho, with a greater steric hindrance, three different arrangements of the diruthenium units have been observed depending on the reaction conditions.

3.2. Crystal Structures

The crystal structures of complexes 1b and 1c have been solved by single crystal X-ray methods. Both compounds adopt a paddlewheel arrangement with the two ruthenium atoms connected by four bridging carboxylate ligands. Thus, each Ru atom shows a distorted octahedral environment having a RuO4 (carboxylates) environment in the equatorial positions and the axial sites occupied by one chloride ligand or solvent molecule and by the other Ru atom of the bimetallic unit (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
Compound 1b is formed by single bimetallic molecules that have two different axial ligands: chloride and ethanol (Figure 1 Left). This structure displays a degree of disorder concerning the positions of the carbon atoms in the rings C2–C7 and C18–C23.
This compound shows a 1D supramolecular ordering. Chains are formed along the a-axis through hydrogen bonds between the chloride axial ligand of a bimetallic unit and the ethanol axial ligand of the adjacent unit (Figure 1 Right).
Complex 1c is a salt with anionic and cationic diruthenium units. The cationic complex has methanol molecules at the axial positions, whereas in the anionic complex these positions are occupied by chloride ligands (Figure 2).
In complex 1c, both dimetallic units are bridged by solvent molecules through hydrogen bonds, giving rise to chains (Figure 3) in a similar way to the supramolecular packing observed in compound 1b.
In 1c, the Ru–Ru distance in the anionic unit is longer than in the cationic unit [2.2950(5) and 2.2667(5) Å, respectively] due to the different donor character of the axial ligands (Table 2). These distances are very similar to those found in the complexes [Ru2Cl(μ-O2CCH2OEt)4·H2O] [2.294(2) and 2.261(1) Å] [31], and [Ru2I(µ-O2CCH2CH2OPh)4(H2O)]·0.5H2O [2.310(2) and 2.265(2) Å] [32], which form analogous anionic and cationic diruthenium complexes, in addition to zig-zag chains in the case of the former. Chloride ligands are better donors than methanol ligands and, therefore, the diruthenium atoms are richer in electronic density. Consequently, π*and δ* orbitals are more populated, giving a larger Ru-Ru distance. The Ru-Cl and Ru-Oaxial bond distances have the usual values in diruthenium complexes [1,2,4,33].
The Ru–Ru distance [2.2827(6)] in 1b is in the range of the values found in compound 1c [2.2950(5) and 2.26267(5)], which seems reasonable, taking into account the presence of chloride and ethanol axial ligands in this complex (Table 2).
In order to determine the influence of the positions of the aromatic ring in the packing of these complexes, the dihedral angle θ has been examined. This can be defined as the angle formed by the plane of the phenyl ring and the plane occupied by COO group and the ruthenium atoms. These angles vary from 15.51° to 80.66° for compound 1c and from 12.73° to 71.73° for 1b (Table S1 and Figure S1, Supplementary Materials). The deviation of the methoxy group of the aromatic ring planes vary from 3.59° to 10.59° (1c) and 1.80° to 12.03° (1b) (Table S2, Supplementary Materials). These values are in a broad range and are similar in both compounds. Thus, these angles do not seem to have any significant influence on the arrangement of these complexes in the solid state.

3.3. Spectroscopic Properties

The infrared spectra of compounds 1–3 are very similar, and there are no appreciable differences for compounds obtained by different synthetic methods. All the spectra show the same pattern with the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching COO bands in the ranges 1398–1387 cm−1 and 1446–1437 cm−1, respectively. This indicates the presence of two ruthenium atoms supported by four bridging equatorial methoxybenzoate ligands. Weak bands corresponding to the C–H stretching vibrations of the phenyl group are observed in the range 3117–3018 cm−1, and those corresponding to the methoxy substituents appear between 2978 and 2837 cm−1.
Mass spectrometry has been applied to verify the complete substitution of the acetate by the corresponding methoxybenzoate ligands in compounds 1a, 2 and 3 [34]. Peaks corresponding to [Ru2(µ-O2CR)4]+ are observed and no peaks of partially substituted species such as [Ru2(µ-O2CMe) (µ-O2CR)3]+ or [Ru2(µ-O2CMe)2 (µ-O2CR)2]+ are found.
The diffuse reflectance electronic spectra of compounds 1a, 2 and 3 (Table 3) show three absorption bands. The bands observed in the range 328–352 nm can be assigned to a ligand–metal charge-transfer σ(axial ligand)→σ*(Ru2) transition, in accordance with the assignment made for the absorption band at 307 nm observed for the [Ru2I2(µ-O2CPr)4]- anion [35,36,37]. The band found in the range 450–490 nm is mainly due to the π(Ru–O, Ru2)→π*(Ru2) transition [23,35,36,37,38] with a possible σ→σ* influence. Finally, the band appearing in the NIR region between 1088 and 1162 nm corresponds to a δ(Ru2)→δ*(Ru2) transition [23,35,36,37,38,39,40,41].

3.4. Magnetic Properties

The magnetic moments at room temperature of compounds 1–3 are in the range 3.86–4.17 µB, similar to those observed for other tetracarboxylatodiruthenium compounds [1,4,33,42]. These values are close to the theoretical value of 3.87 µB for three unpaired electron considering g = 2. These data are in accordance with the electronic configuration of σ2π4δ2(π*δ*)3 per Ru25+ unit proposed by Norman et al. [43].
Compounds 1b, 2 and 3 show similar magnetic behavior. The molar magnetic susceptibility continuously increases with decreasing temperature (300-2 K) while the magnetic moment decreases, especially at low temperature values. This behavior has been attributed to a strong zero-field splitting (D) of the diruthenium unit and a small degree of antiferromagnetic coupling (zJ) between the bimetallic units, and it is indicative of molecular or zig-zag polymeric arrangements [1,4,32,33,38,42]. The fitting of the experimental magnetic data of compounds 1b, 2 and 3 has been carried out using the model of Cukiernik et al. [44], which takes into consideration the equations developed by O’Connor [45] and corrected later by Telser and coworkers [46]. This model takes into account the existence of D and zJ, but also a temperature independent paramagnetism (TIP) and a paramagnetic impurity (P) of a mononuclear complex of Ru(III) with S = ½. Good agreements between the experimental data and calculated curves of the molar susceptibility and magnetic moment have been obtained for compounds 1b, 2 and 3. Table 4 collects the calculated magnetic parameters (g, D, zJ, TIP and P) obtained in these fits together with the σ2 value, which indicates the quality of the fits. As an example, Figure 4 shows the experimental and calculated curves using this model for complex 1b. Similar fits are obtained for complexes 2 and 3 (Figures S2 and S3, Supplementary Materials). The large D calculated values range between 59.66 and 60.31 cm−1, which are similar to those found for analogous tetracarboxylatodirruthenium(II,III) compounds [1,4,23,33,44,47,48]. The calculated zJ values are between −0.09 and −0.32 cm−1. These low antiferromagnetic coupling constants agree well with the molecular nature of compound 1b and with the formation of zig-zag chains in 2 and 3.
Compound 1a shows a maximum at 49 K in the molar susceptibility vs. temperature curve (Figure 5) and a paramagnetic tail from 13 to 2 K. This behavior indicates a linear chain arrangement in the solid state of the diruthenium units [23,32,49,50,51,52]. In this case, there is a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between these units, which are bridged by a chloride ligand giving a 180° Ru-Cl-Ru angle. In this case, the model of Cukiernik [44] is not valid to fit the experimental magnetic data, since this model does not foresee a maximum in the molar susceptibility curve. A suitable model to fit the magnetic data of linear polymeric diruthenium complexes has also been developed previously [49]. This model considers that every S = 3/2 Ru25+ unit has a strong antiferromagnetic coupling with the closest neighbors units, but the couplings are negligible with the rest. For the fit of the magnetic data of 1a, two different paramagnetic impurities have been taken into account: (a) a Ru(III) monomer with S = 1/2 as it is usual in similar fits (see above) and (b) compound 1b, i.e., a polymorph of compound 1a forming discrete molecules with the fixed g, D and zJ values obtained in the fit of 1b. The results of these fits are also shown in Table 4, where the σ2 values obtained indicate good agreements between the experimental data and the calculated curves for the two fits. Figure 5 and Figure S4 show, respectively, the experimental and calculated curves considering compound 1b and a mononuclear Ru(III) as impurity. The calculated zJ values are −11.57 cm−1 (fit a) and −14.11 cm−1 (fit b). These values are larger than those obtained for compounds 1b, 2 and 3 and close to those found in similar diruthenium(II,III) complexes with linear Ru-Cl-Ru angles [23,32,49,50,51,52]. This is indicative of stronger antiferromagnetic couplings in linear compounds than in molecular or zigzag complexes. The amount of paramagnetic impurity obtained in fit (a) (2.60%) is similar to those obtained for similar linear complexes [23,32,49,50,51,52]. Fit b yields a higher impurity percentage (12.54%) but also a better quality of the fit, considering the higher σ2 value. Since the elemental analysis and the UV-Vis-NIR spectrum indicate that compound 1a is a chemically pure sample, this paramagnetic impurity is likely a fraction of the same compound with molecular arrangement or zigzag chains. The presence of different polymorphs of the same complex as magnetic impurities has been previously postulated for similar tetracarboxylato [32] and tetraamidatodiruthenium(II,III) [23] complexes.
In summary, the maximum in the magnetic susceptibility curve for complex 1a clearly indicates that this complex has a polymeric linear structure. The absence of this maximum in complexes 2 and 3 and its high insolubility in polar and non polar solvents indicate a polymeric zig-zag chains arrangement [1,2,4].

4. Conclusions

The use of the methoxybenzoate ligands has allowed the isolation of diruthenium species as linear polymers (1a) zig-zag chains (2 and 3), discrete molecules (1b) and a salt in which the cation and the anion are diruthenium complexes (1c). These arrangements have been found previously, but it is the first time that all of them are obtained with the same ligand. The presence of a –OMe substituent in different positions in the phenyl ring must be the cause of the structural diversity found in these complexes. Thus, polymeric compounds of the type [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-OMe)4]n (1a, 2 and 3) with chloride ions bridging the diruthenium units have been prepared independently of the position of the -OMe groups in the phenyl ring. However, the steric influence of the -OMe group in ortho is crucial to obtain compounds 1a, 1b and 1c with different arrangements depending on the synthetic procedure and reaction conditions. Conventional synthesis is the most suitable to obtain compounds 2 and 3, whereas compounds 1b and 1c have been prepared only by solvothermal synthesis. This work demonstrates how important the control of the variables in play is in order to design the required structure for a particular application of the diruthenium species.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12031000/s1: Figure S1: θ angles between carboxylate plane and aromatic ring plane in 1b. Figure S2: Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-m-OMe)4]n (2). Figure S3: Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-p-OMe)4]n (3). Figure S4: Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]n (1a). Table S1: θ angles between carboxylate plane and aromatic ring plane in compounds 1b and 1c. Table S2: Angles between aromatic ring plane and methoxy substituent plane in compounds 1b and 1c.

Author Contributions

P.D.-M. and L.M.-M. carried out the synthesis, supervised by R.G.-P. and J.L.P. Conceptualization: R.J.-A., J.L.P. and S.H.; Characterization: P.D.-M., R.G.-P. and J.L.P.; Discussion of the results: all authors; R.G.-P., P.D.-M. and R.J.-A. wrote the original draft, and S.H., J.L.P. and R.J.-A. revised the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Comunidad de Madrid (project B2017/BMD-3770-CM) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project CTQ2011-23066).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results.

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Applsci 12 01000 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthetic methods employed to synthesize compounds 1a (R = C6H4-o-OMe), 1b (R = C6H4-o-OMe, S = EtOH), 1c (R = C6H4-o-OMe, S = MeOH), 2 (R = C6H4-m-OMe) and 3 (R = C6H4-p-OMe).
Scheme 1. Synthetic methods employed to synthesize compounds 1a (R = C6H4-o-OMe), 1b (R = C6H4-o-OMe, S = EtOH), 1c (R = C6H4-o-OMe, S = MeOH), 2 (R = C6H4-m-OMe) and 3 (R = C6H4-p-OMe).
Applsci 12 01000 sch001
Applsci 12 01000 g001
Figure 1. (Left) Dimetallic unit of complex 1b. Ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. (Right) Packing of compound 1b viewed along crystallography b axis. Hydrogen atoms and atoms involved in disorder are omitted for clarity.
Figure 1. (Left) Dimetallic unit of complex 1b. Ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. (Right) Packing of compound 1b viewed along crystallography b axis. Hydrogen atoms and atoms involved in disorder are omitted for clarity.
Applsci 12 01000 g001
Applsci 12 01000 g002
Figure 2. Bimetallic complexes of compound 1c. Ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 2. Bimetallic complexes of compound 1c. Ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Applsci 12 01000 g002
Applsci 12 01000 g003
Figure 3. Drawing of a zigzag chain of 1c. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Figure 3. Drawing of a zigzag chain of 1c. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
Applsci 12 01000 g003
Applsci 12 01000 g004
Figure 4. Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(EtOH)] (1b). Solid lines are the product of a least-squares fit of the experimental data to the model indicated in the text.
Figure 4. Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4(EtOH)] (1b). Solid lines are the product of a least-squares fit of the experimental data to the model indicated in the text.
Applsci 12 01000 g004
Applsci 12 01000 g005
Figure 5. Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]n (1a). Solid lines are the product of a least-square fit of the experimental data to the model indicated in the text and considering compound 1b as the impurity.
Figure 5. Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility (o) and magnetic moment (Δ) for compound [Ru2Cl(µ-O2CC6H4-o-OMe)4]n (1a). Solid lines are the product of a least-square fit of the experimental data to the model indicated in the text and considering compound 1b as the impurity.
Applsci 12 01000 g005
Table 1. Crystal and refinement for 1b and 1c.
Table 1. Crystal and refinement for 1b and 1c.
1b1c
Empirical formulaC34H33ClO13Ru2C66H62Cl2O26Ru4
Formula weight887.031746.33
Temperature/K293(2)293(2)
Crystal systemTriclinictriclinic
Space groupP-1P-1
a/Å8.6893(9)10.5091(13)
b/Å14.4399(15)10.6029(13)
c/Å14.5070(16)15.938(2)
α/°84.308(2)85.170(2)
β/°79.522(2)75.587(2)
γ/°80.622(2)84.125(2)
Volume/Å31761.4(3)1707.8(4)
Z21
ρcalc/g cm−31.6721.698
μ/mm−10.9981.028
Reflections collected1320712851
Independent reflections6018
[Rint = 0.0387, Rsigma = 0.0568]		5837
[Rint = 0.0871, Rsigma = 0.0883]
Goodness-of-fit on F21.0360.967
Final R indexes
[I >= 2σ (I)]		R1 = 0.0488, wR2 = 0.1250R1 = 0.0387, wR2 = 0.0861
Final R indexes [all data]R1 = 0.0855, wR2 = 0.1438R1 = 0.0673, wR2 = 0.1003
Table 2. Main bond distances (Å) in compounds 1b and 1c.
Table 2. Main bond distances (Å) in compounds 1b and 1c.
1b1c
Ru1-Ru22.2827(6)Ru1-Ru12.2950(5)
Ru2-Ru22.2667(5)
Ru1-Cl12.508(2)Ru1-Cl12.550(1)
Ru2-O92.286(6)Ru2-O112.296(3)
Table 3. Assignment of the absorption bands observed in the spectra of compounds 1a, 2 and 3.
Table 3. Assignment of the absorption bands observed in the spectra of compounds 1a, 2 and 3.
Compoundσ(Axial Ligand)→σ*(Ru2)π(RuO,Ru2)→π*(Ru2)δ(Ru2)→δ*(Ru2)
1a332sh4501088
2328sh4901169
33524741162
Table 4. Magnetic parameters obtained in the fits of the magnetic moment versus temperature curves for compounds 1–3.
Table 4. Magnetic parameters obtained in the fits of the magnetic moment versus temperature curves for compounds 1–3.
CompoundgD/cm−1zJ/cm−1TIP/emu mol−1P/%σ2
1a2.00 a,c
2.21 b		59.25
82.23		−11.57
−14.11		9.83 × 10−4
3.40 × 10−5		2.60
12.54		8.32 × 10−5
1.30 × 10−5
1b2.2267.47−0.162.76 × 10−72.801.07 × 10−4
22.1259.66−0.092.24 × 10−42.67 × 10−73.24 × 10−5
32.0260.31−0.325.80 × 10−30.474.46 × 10−5
a Considering a Ru(III) monomer as impurity. b Considering 1b as impurity. c Fixed parameter.
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Delgado-Martínez, P.; Moreno-Martínez, L.; González-Prieto, R.; Herrero, S.; Priego, J.L.; Jiménez-Aparicio, R. Steric, Activation Method and Solvent Effects on the Structure of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031000

AMA Style

Delgado-Martínez P, Moreno-Martínez L, González-Prieto R, Herrero S, Priego JL, Jiménez-Aparicio R. Steric, Activation Method and Solvent Effects on the Structure of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(3):1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031000

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Delgado-Martínez, Patricia, Luis Moreno-Martínez, Rodrigo González-Prieto, Santiago Herrero, José L. Priego, and Reyes Jiménez-Aparicio. 2022. "Steric, Activation Method and Solvent Effects on the Structure of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes" Applied Sciences 12, no. 3: 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031000

APA Style

Delgado-Martínez, P., Moreno-Martínez, L., González-Prieto, R., Herrero, S., Priego, J. L., & Jiménez-Aparicio, R. (2022). Steric, Activation Method and Solvent Effects on the Structure of Paddlewheel Diruthenium Complexes. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031000

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