Genetic Mechanism of Uranium Concentration in Ferruginous Sandstone of the Wajid Group in Southern Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional Geology
2.1. Regional Geological Settings
2.2. Wajid Group
2.3. Ferruginous Sandstone
3. Sampling and Analytical Methods
3.1. Sampling and Sample Preparation
3.2. Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Ferruginous Sandstone Petrological Identification
4.2. Ferruginous Sandstone Chemical Characteristics
4.3. Ferruginous Sandstone Uranium Anomaly
4.4. Ferruginous Sandstone Uranium Minerals
5. Discussions
5.1. Genesis of Ferruginous Sandstone
5.2. Mechanism of Uranium Concentration in Ferruginous Sandstone
5.3. Role of Ferric Ions in Uranium Mineralization
6. Conclusions
- The ferruginous sandstone is mainly found in the Khusayyayn Formation of the Wajid Group, mainly distributed along the bottom or bedding of the sandstone, thin-bedded and lenticular, mainly cemented by hematite and limonite. The ferric iron basically exists in the form of Fe2O3 in the ferruginous sandstone, and a small amount of reducing substances remains, such as FeO, organic carbon, and sulfur.
- All of the uranium anomalies were hosted in ferruginous sandstone in the Khusayyayn Formation of the Wajid Group. It indicates that the uranium was weakly reformed after the uranium concentration in an alkaline oxidation environment.
- It is concluded that there was poor potential for uranium mineralization in the ferruginous sandstone in the work area, and its radioactivity has little impact on the environment. The primary reason is that the uranium mineralization in the ferruginous sandstone was small in size and unfavorable for in situ leaching mining.
- The formation of the ferruginous sandstone in the study area occurred during the early synsedimentary and later diagenesis stages. The initial concentration of the uranium occurred during the deposition of the ferruginous sandstone.
- Ferric ions are closely related to uranium mineralization. Most of the uranium was adsorbed by ferric colloidal solutions, and part of it was reduced by Fe2+, organic carbon, and sulfur in the uranium preconcentrated stage during the ferruginous sandstone deposit. The uranium ore was superimposed, transformed, and concentrated due to the change in the pH environment in the early Neogene.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Number | Coordinates | Test Results | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longitude | Latitude | Elevation | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | MnO | TiO2 | P2O5 | LOI | FeO | Th | U | |
A5.1/SR01 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.82″ | 1312 | 57.80 | 1.06 | 31.67 | 0.18 | 1.24 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 1.18 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 5.76 | <0.10 | 1.09 | 107 |
A5.1/SR02 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | 1312 | 59.96 | 1.47 | 27.89 | 0.23 | 2.72 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 6.36 | <0.10 | 1.03 | 67.4 |
A5.1/SR05 | 44°13′50.24″ | 19°04′28.00″ | 1184 | 61.97 | 2.02 | 22.85 | 0.22 | 3.78 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 1.72 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 6.27 | <0.10 | 1.68 | 374 |
A5.1/SR06 | 44°13′50.25″ | 19°03′09.06″ | 1167 | 63.15 | 1.51 | 21.91 | 0.24 | 4.29 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 1.43 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 6.44 | <0.10 | 2.13 | 40.7 |
A5.1/SR07 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.8″ | 1194 | 64.11 | 1.07 | 26.70 | 0.25 | 1.41 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 4.72 | <0.10 | 1.39 | 237 |
A5.1/SR08 | 44°14′32.37″ | 18°57′51.03″ | 1217 | 72.67 | 1.86 | 17.96 | 0.16 | 1.64 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 4.40 | <0.10 | 2.96 | 76.3 |
A5.1/SR09 | 44°16′59.87″ | 18°57′29.95″ | 1249 | 51.89 | 1.44 | 32.91 | 0.30 | 3.42 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 1.28 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 7.70 | <0.10 | 2.84 | 10.8 |
H5.1/SR06 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | 1312 | 61.77 | 1.11 | 27.22 | 0.20 | 2.57 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 5.87 | <0.10 | 1.41 | 52.5 |
H5.1/SR07 | 44°13′50.24″ | 19°04′28.00″ | 1184 | 59.90 | 1.48 | 22.99 | 0.18 | 5.65 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 1.80 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 6.87 | <0.10 | 1.75 | 766 |
H5.1/SR08 | 44°13′50.26″ | 19°03′09.07″ | 1167 | 62.97 | 0.68 | 23.29 | 0.19 | 3.67 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 1.98 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 6.28 | <0.10 | 3.89 | 48.5 |
H5.1/SR09 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.8″ | 1194 | 60.30 | 1.07 | 29.69 | 0.15 | 0.58 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 2.24 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 4.82 | <0.10 | 1.40 | 176 |
W5.1/SR01 | 44°14′32.33″ | 18°59′50.22″ | 1202 | 58.46 | 1.42 | 23.02 | 0.13 | 6.22 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 2.23 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 7.76 | <0.10 | 2.33 | 6.1 |
W5.1/SR03 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | 1312 | 60.84 | 1.49 | 28.67 | 0.21 | 1.95 | 0.05 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 5.77 | 0.45 | 11.50 | 58.6 |
W5.1/SR04 | 44°13′50.24″ | 19°04′28.00″ | 1184 | 61.32 | 1.91 | 24.63 | 0.21 | 3.35 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 1.35 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 6.39 | <0.10 | 2.86 | 279 |
W5.1/SR05 | 44°13′50.24″ | 19°03′09.05″ | 1167 | 62.99 | 1.52 | 20.99 | 0.15 | 4.67 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 2.67 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 6.35 | <0.10 | 3.91 | 36.1 |
UA5.1/SM01 | 44°13′34.02″ | 19°06′47.58″ | 1164 | 41.27 | 18.22 | 29.82 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 1.08 | 0.39 | 7.80 | 0.28 | 18.10 | 86.9 |
UA5.1/SM02 | 44°13′34.02″ | 19°06′47.58″ | 1164 | 75.43 | 2.13 | 16.98 | 0.35 | 1.28 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 3.29 | 0.27 | 6.67 | 73.7 |
UA5.1/SR03 | 44°10′20.57″ | 19°26′08.40″ | 1153 | 6.67 | 2.92 | 84.97 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.71 | 3.98 | 0.29 | 6.31 | 92.5 |
UA5.1/SM04 | 44°14′13.21″ | 18°57′28.52″ | 1216 | 59.57 | 1.57 | 32.23 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.46 | 1.19 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 4.17 | <0.10 | 2.68 | 39 |
UA5.1/SM05 | 44°12′31.04″ | 19°01′54.38″ | 1221 | 68.68 | 2.32 | 24.86 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 2.29 | 0.33 | 1.91 | 215 |
UA5.1/SM06 | 44°12′31.04″ | 19°01′54.38″ | 1221 | 50.65 | 14.08 | 23.43 | 0.18 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 1.81 | 0.03 | 0.65 | 0.20 | 7.80 | 0.41 | 16.70 | 73.9 |
UA5.1/SM07 | 44°12′31.04″ | 19°01′54.38″ | 1221 | 55.94 | 12.17 | 22.58 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.03 | 0.78 | 0.14 | 7.05 | 0.27 | 10.80 | 163 |
UA5.1/SM08 | 44°12′27.85″ | 19°03′17.79″ | 1173 | 70.44 | 2.19 | 14.22 | 0.16 | 5.27 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 6.83 | 0.39 | 5.24 | 36.8 |
UA5.1/SM09 | 44°13′27.85″ | 19°03′17.79″ | 1173 | 39.86 | 6.53 | 38.63 | 0.16 | 1.17 | 0.09 | 1.57 | 3.43 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 7.52 | <0.10 | 6.93 | 210 |
UA5.1/SR06 | 44°13′27.85″ | 19°03′17.79″ | 1173 | 71.08 | 7.13 | 12.12 | 0.10 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 1.97 | 2.51 | 0.49 | 0.05 | 3.82 | <0.10 | 1.48 | 7.71 |
UA5.1/SM10 | 44°13′27.85″ | 19°03′17.79″ | 1173 | 60.97 | 0.75 | 22.31 | 0.22 | 6.22 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 1.08 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 7.81 | <0.10 | 2.20 | 183 |
UA5.1/SM11 | 44°14′01.95″ | 19°03′08.99″ | 1158 | 59.35 | 0.98 | 31.07 | 0.18 | 1.37 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.66 | 0.09 | 0.58 | 4.49 | <0.10 | 1.03 | 320 |
UA5.1/SM12 | 44°16′43.75″ | 19°01′51.87″ | 1181 | 10.38 | 3.67 | 70.00 | 0.38 | 2.21 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 12.14 | <0.10 | 5.90 | 58.2 |
UA5.1/SM13 | 44°20′21.78″ | 19°03′06.45″ | 1141 | 59.58 | 1.56 | 31.55 | 0.15 | 1.64 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 4.95 | 0.46 | 4.04 | 11.9 |
UA5.1/SM15 | 44°20′26.45″ | 19°03′25.95″ | 1137 | 48.39 | 0.89 | 44.66 | 0.16 | 2.31 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 3.28 | 0.64 | 2.42 | 642 |
UA5.1/SM16 | 44°05′23.54″ | 18°54′46.68″ | 1324 | 81.39 | 0.76 | 12.04 | 0.12 | 1.72 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 3.35 | 0.36 | 2.28 | 51.9 |
UA5.1/SM17 | 44°13′47.42″ | 18°54′32.57″ | 1254 | 50.15 | 9.05 | 26.42 | 0.18 | 3.76 | 0.10 | 1.24 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.11 | 8.14 | 0.41 | 17.30 | 365 |
UA5.1/SM18 | 44°13′47.42″ | 18°54′32.57″ | 1254 | 43.91 | 6.93 | 33.87 | 0.36 | 3.75 | 0.17 | 1.28 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.13 | 8.67 | <0.10 | 17.00 | 627 |
UA5.1/SR28 | 44°13′25.24″ | 18°56′20.08″ | 1239 | 37.13 | 14.86 | 38.34 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 6.62 | 0.46 | 18.20 | 39.1 |
UA5.1/SR33 | 44°04′45.93″ | 18°47′43.83″ | 1352 | 74.60 | 0.55 | 20.92 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.46 | 2.80 | 0.55 | 1.62 | 4.34 |
Sample Number | Longitude | Latitude | Lithology Name | U (ppm) | Organic Carbon (wt.%) | S (wt.%) | pH | Eh (mV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H5.1/SR01 | 44°14′31.38″ | 20°13′35.46″ | Yellow sandstone | 1.44 | 0.058 | 0.006 | 9.29 | 192 |
H5.1/SR02 | 44°14′31.38″ | 20°13′35.46″ | Gray sandstone | 26.3 | 0.081 | 0.029 | 9.25 | 206 |
H5.1/SR03 | 44°14′32.33″ | 18°59′50.22″ | Light yellow sandstone | 2.07 | 0.094 | 0.011 | 9.24 | 205 |
H5.1/SR04 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.82″ | Yellow sandstone | 11.1 | 0.078 | 0.015 | 9.80 | 226 |
H5.1/SR05 | 44°13′17.90″ | 19°04′20.03″ | Yellow sandstone | 3.9 | 0.061 | 0.125 | 8.68 | 236 |
H5.1/SR06 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 52.5 | 0.069 | 0.057 | 8.56 | 245 |
H5.1/SR07 | 44°13′50.24″ | 19°04′28.00″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 766 | 0.060 | 0.075 | 8.69 | 241 |
H5.1/SR08 | 44°13′50.26″ | 19°03′09.07″ | Brownish ferruginous sandstone | 48.5 | 0.054 | 0.059 | 8.69 | 248 |
H5.1/SR09 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.80″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 176 | 0.052 | 0.078 | 8.49 | 251 |
H5.1/SR10 | 44°30′03.44″ | 20°21′44.12″ | Gray sandstone | 0.945 | 0.062 | 0.024 | 9.10 | 224 |
H5.1/SR11 | 43°57′19.82″ | 19°25′54.81″ | Red sandstone | 1.65 | 0.064 | 0.014 | 9.03 | 217 |
Sample Number | Longitude | Latitude | Lithology Name | U (μg/g) | Ra (Bq/g) | Kp | Up (μg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A5.1/SR01 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.82″ | Yellow ferruginous sandstone | 107.00 | 1.296 | 0.98 | 104.43 |
A5.1/SR02 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 67.40 | 0.892 | 1.07 | 71.88 |
A5.1/SR03 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | Yellow sandstone | 2.95 | 0.036 | 0.99 | 2.93 |
A5.1/SR04 | 44°13′42.80″ | 19°04′30.19″ | Yellow sandstone | 3.24 | 0.035 | 0.87 | 2.80 |
A5.1/SR05 | 44°13′50.24″ | 19°04′28.00″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 374.00 | 4.334 | 0.93 | 349.23 |
A5.1/SR06 | 44°13′50.25″ | 19°03′09.06″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 40.70 | 0.482 | 0.95 | 38.84 |
A5.1/SR07 | 44°14′13.08″ | 18°58′24.8″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 237.00 | 2.607 | 0.89 | 210.07 |
A5.1/SR08 | 44°14′32.37″ | 18°57′51.03″ | Yellow ferruginous sandstone | 76.30 | 0.826 | 0.87 | 66.56 |
A5.1/SR09 | 44°16′59.87″ | 18°57′29.95″ | Yellow ferruginous sandstone | 10.80 | 0.118 | 0.88 | 9.51 |
A5.1/SR10 | 44°13′17.90″ | 19°04′20.03″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 3.49 | 0.044 | 1.03 | 3.58 |
A5.1/SR11 | 44°16′59.90″ | 18°57′29.90″ | Black ferruginous sandstone | 3.21 | 0.045 | 1.12 | 3.60 |
Sample Number | Test Results (wt%) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test Point | Y2O3 | SiO2 | FeO | UO2 | MgO | Na2O | TiO2 | ThO2 | As2O5 | Al2O3 | MnO | PbO | |
UA5.1/SM01 | 1 | 1.15 | 12.57 | 0.18 | 22.83 | / | / | / | 51.96 | / | / | 0.13 | 0.15 |
2 | / | 29.66 | 0.19 | 10.81 | / | / | / | 7.67 | 0.07 | / | 0.06 | 1.16 | |
UA5.1/SM 10 | 1 | 1.03 | 25.01 | 0.28 | 5.77 | 0.04 | 0.49 | / | 30.67 | / | 0.69 | / | 0.86 |
UA5.1/SM 11 | 1 | 0.19 | 1.38 | 1.83 | 87.86 | / | 1.04 | 0.61 | / | / | / | 1.33 | 0.28 |
2 | / | 13.41 | 1.91 | 60.58 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.16 | / | 0.16 | 0.04 | / | / | |
3 | / | 30.08 | 2.14 | 48.46 | 0.07 | 0.14 | / | / | / | 0.01 | 0.24 | / | |
4 | / | 1.20 | 1.19 | 91.18 | / | 0.19 | / | / | / | 0.07 | 1.02 | 0.14 | |
5 | 0.30 | 3.72 | 2.42 | 82.09 | 0.06 | 1.19 | 0.16 | / | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.58 | 0.28 | |
Sample Number | Test Results (wt%) | ||||||||||||
Test point | V2O3 | K2O | Nd2O3 | CaO | Ce2O3 | SO3 | La2O3 | ZrO2 | Pr2O3 | P2O5 | SnO2 | Total | |
UA5.1/SM01 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.30 | / | 0.18 | / | / | / | 0.23 | / | 1.88 | / | 91.64 |
2 | / | / | / | / | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 44.26 | 0.13 | 1.61 | / | 96.21 | |
UA5.1/SM 10 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.19 | / | 0.09 | / | / | / | 27.21 | 0.08 | 0.91 | / | 93.43 |
UA5.1/SM 11 | 1 | / | 0.26 | / | 1.38 | 0.35 | 0.12 | / | 0.74 | / | 1.43 | / | 98.80 |
2 | / | 1.50 | 0.26 | 11.67 | / | 8.63 | / | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.27 | / | 99.01 | |
3 | / | 0.51 | / | 3.55 | / | 0.09 | / | 0.15 | / | 0.60 | / | 86.04 | |
4 | / | 0.20 | / | 0.55 | / | / | 0.37 | / | / | 1.21 | / | 97.32 | |
5 | / | 0.29 | / | 1.26 | 0.22 | 1.48 | / | 0.47 | / | 2.73 | / | 97.57 |
Sample Number | U (μg/g) | Pb (μg/g) | 238U/204Pb | 208Pb/204Pb | 207Pb/204Pb | 206Pb/204Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UA5.1/SM01 | 86.9 | 37.3 | 160.655 | 39.767 | 16.113 | 23.003 |
UA5.1/SM04 | 39 | 15.5 | 170.314 | 39.135 | 15.956 | 20.803 |
UA5.1/SM05 | 215 | 16.3 | 906.008 | 39.054 | 16.123 | 23.333 |
UA5.1/SM10 | 183 | 21.0 | 625.821 | 39.128 | 16.274 | 26.766 |
UA5.1/SM11 | 320 | 29.5 | 977.673 | 39.232 | 17.347 | 46.660 |
UA5.1/SM17 | 365 | 64.4 | 380.684 | 39.115 | 16.034 | 21.565 |
UA5.1/SM18 | 627 | 33.5 | 1309.290 | 39.014 | 16.197 | 24.807 |
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He, F.; Xing, Z.; Li, X.; Zhang, Z.; Jia, C. Genetic Mechanism of Uranium Concentration in Ferruginous Sandstone of the Wajid Group in Southern Saudi Arabia. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9643. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199643
He F, Xing Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Jia C. Genetic Mechanism of Uranium Concentration in Ferruginous Sandstone of the Wajid Group in Southern Saudi Arabia. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(19):9643. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199643
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Feng, Zuochang Xing, Xide Li, Zilong Zhang, and Cui Jia. 2022. "Genetic Mechanism of Uranium Concentration in Ferruginous Sandstone of the Wajid Group in Southern Saudi Arabia" Applied Sciences 12, no. 19: 9643. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199643
APA StyleHe, F., Xing, Z., Li, X., Zhang, Z., & Jia, C. (2022). Genetic Mechanism of Uranium Concentration in Ferruginous Sandstone of the Wajid Group in Southern Saudi Arabia. Applied Sciences, 12(19), 9643. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199643