Determinants of Top Speed Sprinting: Minimum Requirements for Maximum Velocity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
θ(t) | thigh angle as a function of time (deg) |
θc | total thigh excursion during the ground contact phase (deg) |
θtotal | total thigh range of motion from peak extension to peak flexion (deg) |
ωavg | thigh angular velocity averaged throughout stride cycle (deg/s) |
αmax | modeled maximum thigh angular acceleration during swing (deg/s2) |
FZavg/mg | ratio of stance-averaged vertical force to body weight mg |
f | frequency of thigh angular motion (Hz) |
g | gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2) |
Lc | contact length (m) |
L0 | leg length (m) |
m | body mass (kg) |
SL | step length (m) |
SL/L0 | ratio of step length to leg length |
Speed | runner’s forward speed |
SR | step rate (steps/s) |
T | time period of thigh angular motion (s) |
t | time (s) |
ta | aerial time (s) |
tc | ground contact time (s) |
tstep | step time (s) |
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Speed (m/s) | tc (s) | SR (steps/s) | SL (m) | SL/L0 (ratio) | FZavg/mg (ratio) | 𝜃total (deg) | ωavg (deg/s) | αmax (deg/s2 × 103) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.00 | 0.121 | 4.14 | 1.69 | 1.99 | 1.99 | 84.5 | 349.8 | 7.15 |
8.00 | 0.106 | 4.42 | 1.81 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 89.2 | 394.3 | 8.60 |
9.00 | 0.094 | 4.66 | 1.93 | 2.27 | 2.27 | 94.1 | 438.6 | 10.09 |
10.00 | 0.085 | 4.88 | 2.05 | 2.41 | 2.41 | 99.0 | 482.8 | 11.62 |
11.00 | 0.077 | 5.07 | 2.17 | 2.55 | 2.55 | 104.0 | 526.9 | 13.18 |
12.00 | 0.071 | 5.24 | 2.29 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 109.0 | 571.1 | 14.77 |
13.00 | 0.065 | 5.39 | 2.41 | 2.84 | 2.84 | 114.0 | 615.2 | 16.38 |
Speed (m/s) | tc (s) | SR (steps/s) | SL (m) | SL/L0 (ratio) | FZavg/mg (ratio) | 𝜃total (deg) | ωavg (deg/s) | αmax (deg/s2 × 103) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.00 | 0.136 | 3.91 | 1.79 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 81.0 | 316.9 | 6.12 |
8.00 | 0.119 | 4.19 | 1.91 | 2.01 | 2.01 | 85.2 | 356.9 | 7.38 |
9.00 | 0.106 | 4.43 | 2.03 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 89.5 | 396.6 | 8.68 |
10.00 | 0.095 | 4.65 | 2.15 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 93.8 | 436.3 | 10.01 |
11.00 | 0.086 | 4.85 | 2.27 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 98.2 | 475.8 | 11.38 |
12.00 | 0.079 | 5.02 | 2.39 | 2.52 | 2.52 | 102.6 | 515.3 | 12.77 |
13.00 | 0.073 | 5.18 | 2.51 | 2.64 | 2.64 | 107.1 | 554.8 | 14.18 |
Speed (m/s) | tc (s) | SR (steps/s) | SL (m) | SL/L0 (ratio) | FZavg/mg (ratio) | 𝜃total (deg) | ωavg (deg/s) | αmax (deg/s2 × 103) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.00 | 0.150 | 3.70 | 1.89 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 78.3 | 290.1 | 5.30 |
8.00 | 0.131 | 3.98 | 2.01 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 82.0 | 326.4 | 6.41 |
9.00 | 0.117 | 4.23 | 2.13 | 2.03 | 2.03 | 85.8 | 362.6 | 7.56 |
10.00 | 0.105 | 4.44 | 2.25 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 89.7 | 398.5 | 8.74 |
11.00 | 0.095 | 4.64 | 2.37 | 2.26 | 2.26 | 93.6 | 434.4 | 9.95 |
12.00 | 0.088 | 4.82 | 2.49 | 2.37 | 2.37 | 97.6 | 470.2 | 11.18 |
13.00 | 0.081 | 4.98 | 2.61 | 2.49 | 2.49 | 101.6 | 505.9 | 12.44 |
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Clark, K.P. Determinants of Top Speed Sprinting: Minimum Requirements for Maximum Velocity. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 8289. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168289
Clark KP. Determinants of Top Speed Sprinting: Minimum Requirements for Maximum Velocity. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(16):8289. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168289
Chicago/Turabian StyleClark, Kenneth P. 2022. "Determinants of Top Speed Sprinting: Minimum Requirements for Maximum Velocity" Applied Sciences 12, no. 16: 8289. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168289