Influence of Longitudinal Joint Setting and Synchronous Cooling Zone on High Altitude Region’s Dam Construction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Finite Element Method of Concrete Temperature Fields
2.2. Finite Element Method of Concrete Stress Fields
2.3. Equivalent Heat Conduction Equation with Concrete Cooling Water Pipe
2.4. Construction Features of the JX Gravity Dam
2.4.1. Hydrology and Meteorology
2.4.2. Material Parameters
2.5. Numerical Calculation Model
2.5.1. Calculation Models and Boundary Conditions
2.5.2. Calculation Parameter Model
2.5.3. Feature Point and Feature Cross-Section
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Temperature Stress without Longitudinal Joint
3.2. Temperature Stress with Longitudinal Joint
3.3. Reasonableness Analysis of Longitudinal Joint Position
3.4. Impact of Synchronous Cooling Zone on the Temperature Stress of the Dam Body
- The height of a JX Dam grouting zone is 9 m, i.e., each grouted zone is 9 m in height;
- Grouting zone: The zone where longitudinal joint grouting is to be carried out, generally one zone;
- Synchronous cooling zone: The zone where cooling is carried out simultaneously and coordinately. When the grouting zone is the first grouted zone at the bottom of the constraint zone, the synchronous cooling zone is two grout zones above the grouting zone, while the other zones are a grout zone above the grouting zone;
- Transition zone: The zone between the synchronous cooling zone and weighted cover zone, a grouting zone above the synchronous cooling zone;
- Weighted cover zone: Newly placed concrete zone, a grouting zone above the transition zone.
- 6.
- When the synchronous cooling zone’s height varies, it has a minimal impact on the maximum temperature. The maximum temperatures of the strong constraint zone are all 26.3 °C;
- 7.
- If the synchronous cooling zone is 9 m in height (each grouted zone is 9 m in height), each grouting zone is cooled via cooling water. As the temperature difference and deformation between the upper and lower ground zones do not synchronize, the foundation concrete is under more vital constraints. The maximum stress in the middle of the strong constraint zone is up to 1.58 MPa, while cracks can be easily caused;
- 8.
- If the synchronous cooling zone is 18 m in height, the two grouting zones are cooled in a coordinated manner. The constraint on foundation concrete is obviously reduced by reducing the temperature difference and synchronous deformation between the upper zone and the lower zone. The maximum stress in the middle position is 1.45 MPa. Although the growth of safety factor meets specifications (more than 1.65), the margin is small;
- 9.
- If the synchronous cooling zone’s height is increased to 27 m, the three grouting zones are cooled in a coordinated manner. As the scope of the temperature difference reduction and synchronous deformation increases, the constraint on the foundation concrete is further reduced. The maximum stress in the middle position is reduced to 1.40 MPa, while the safety factor has an apparent increase;
4. Conclusions
- Due to the particular climate conditions, it is difficult to control the temperature and crack of concrete during the construction period when building a dam in a high-altitude area. Simultaneously, dam construction technology and engineering in low-altitude areas are not suitable for dams in high-altitude areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study technical improvements.
- When there is no longitudinal joint, maximum stress occurs in the middle of the dam’s length direction. Setting the longitudinal joint in the middle of the length direction at the bottom of the dam can significantly reduce the temperature stress along the river, lower the possibility of cracking, and increase the mass concrete structure’s crack resistance.
- Furthermore, setting the synchronous cooling zone can make the upper and lower pouring layers deform synchronously, reducing the mutual restraint between the concrete layers and the temperature stress. Meanwhile, the larger the synchronous cooling zone’s height, the more favorable it is to reduce the temperature stress, but the construction schedule requirements of the project should also be considered.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Design Indexes | Main Parameters for Mix | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand Ratio (%) | Water-Binder Ratio | Water Consumption (kg/m3) | FA Admixture Amount (%) | Water Reducer (%) | Air Entraining Agent (/10,000) | Volume-Weight (kg/m3) | |
Dam concrete C9020W6F100 | 24 | 0.55 | 85 | 35 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 2410 |
Name of Index | Unit | Dam Concrete |
---|---|---|
Thermal diffusivity | 10−3 m2/h | 2.82 |
Heat conductivity coefficient | kJ/(m·h·°C) | 6.12 |
Specific heat | kJ/(kg·°C) | 0.90 |
Linear expansion coefficient | 10−6/°C | 9.00 |
Volume-weight | kN/m3 | 24.10 |
Poisson’s ratio | / | 0.17 |
Age (Day) | Autogenous Volume Deformation (10−6) | Age (Day) | Autogenous Volume Deformation (10−6) | Age (Day) | Autogenous Volume Deformation (10−6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.0 | 11 | 3.3 | 80 | −13.5 |
1 | 0.0 | 14 | 1.1 | 93 | −14.6 |
2 | 1.1 | 16 | 0.5 | 100 | −14.5 |
3 | 0.9 | 18 | −1.0 | 110 | −14.9 |
4 | 2.4 | 28 | −5.4 | 120 | −14.9 |
5 | 4.1 | 44 | −9.1 | 130 | −14.8 |
7 | 5.4 | 56 | −10.2 | 140 | −14.5 |
8 | 3.5 | 63 | −11.6 | 150 | −14.1 |
10 | 3.3 | 70 | −12.8 |
Longitudinal Joint | Maximum Temperature in Strong Constraint Zone (°C) | Maximum Tensile Stress in Strong Constraint Zone | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
σx (MPa) | Elevation (m) | Safety Factor k | ||
Yes | 26.3 | 1.45 | 3263 | 1.74 |
No | 26.3 | 1.71 | 3263 | 1.48 |
Working Conditions | Height of Synchronous Cooling Zone (m) | Maximum Temperature of Strong Constraint Zone (°C) | The Maximum Tensile Stress of Strong Constraint Zone | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
σx (MPa) | Elevation (m) | Safety Factor k | |||
Scheme 1 | 9 | 26.3 | 1.58 | 3263 | 1.60 |
Scheme 2 | 18 | 26.3 | 1.45 | 3263 | 1.74 |
Scheme 3 | 27 | 26.3 | 1.40 | 3263 | 1.81 |
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Wang, Z.; Xiao, J.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, B. Influence of Longitudinal Joint Setting and Synchronous Cooling Zone on High Altitude Region’s Dam Construction. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 7380. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157380
Wang Z, Xiao J, Shi Z, Zhang B. Influence of Longitudinal Joint Setting and Synchronous Cooling Zone on High Altitude Region’s Dam Construction. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(15):7380. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157380
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhenhong, Jun Xiao, Zhuoyu Shi, and Bu Zhang. 2022. "Influence of Longitudinal Joint Setting and Synchronous Cooling Zone on High Altitude Region’s Dam Construction" Applied Sciences 12, no. 15: 7380. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157380
APA StyleWang, Z., Xiao, J., Shi, Z., & Zhang, B. (2022). Influence of Longitudinal Joint Setting and Synchronous Cooling Zone on High Altitude Region’s Dam Construction. Applied Sciences, 12(15), 7380. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157380