Assessment of Golden Proportion among Natural Maxillary Anterior Teeth of Global Population: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Data Items and Abstractions
3. Results
3.1. General Analysis of Included Studies
3.2. Main Outcomes of the Studies
3.3. Outcomes of Proportions According to Geographic Regions
3.4. Quality Assessment Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Author | GP Control Group | Unit | Golden Proportion 62% Study Group | b Local Proportion % Study Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right | Left | Right | Left | ||||||||
Central/ Lateral Incisor % | Lateral/ Canine % | Central/ Lateral Incisor % | Lateral/ Canine % | Central/ Lateral Incisor % | Lateral/ Canine % | Central/ Lateral Incisor % | Lateral/ Canine % | ||||
1. | JD Preston [14] | 62% GP | Mean | 17.00 | NR | 17.00 | NR | 66.00 | 84.00 | 66.00 | 84.00 |
Sd | 2.34 | NR | 2.34 | NR | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.23 | |||
2. | M Mahshid [15] | 62% GP | Mean | 34.00 | 10.00 | 34.00 | 10.00 | 67.00 | 84.00 | 67.00 | 84.00 |
Sd | 6.71 | 2.22 | 6.71 | 2.22 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.15 | |||
3. | F Umer [16] | 62% GP | Mean | 63.60 | 63.60 | 63.60 | 63.60 | 75.00 | 61.30 | 75.00 | 61.30 |
Sd | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.12 | |||
4. | S Muhammad [17] | 62% GP | Mean | 18.57 | 18.57 | 18.57 | 18.57 | 35.00 | 35.00 | 35.00 | 35.00 |
Sd | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.12 | |||
5. | NT Niranjan [18] | 62% GP | Mean | 21.70 | 13.00 | 21.70 | 13.00 | 2.56 | 2.55 | 2.56 | 2.55 |
Sd | 2.11 | 1.77 | 2.11 | 1.77 | 3.76 | 3.68 | 3.76 | 2.56 | |||
6. | U Hasanreisoglu [19] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 53.00 | 79.00 | 53.00 | 79.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.14 | |||
7. | TB Shetty [20] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 21.00 | 92.00 | 21.00 | 92.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.08 | |||
8. | BVS Murthy [21] | 62% GP | Mean | 16.10 | 14.30 | 17.90 | 25.00 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 2.18 | 2.98 | 3.90 | 4.87 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
9. | Sandeep et al. [22] | 62% GP | Mean | 21.25 | 7.50 | 21.25 | 7.50 | 68.75 | 72.90 | 68.75 | 72.90 |
Sd | 3.56 | 6.98 | 2.31 | 6.87 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |||
10. | MI Al Marzok [23] | 62% GP | Mean | 20.40 | 20.40 | 20.40 | 20.40 | 73.16 | 77.32 | 73.16 | 77.32 |
Sd | 4.76 | 4.76 | 4.76 | 4.76 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.11 | |||
11. | Alhabahbah et al. [24] | 62% GP | Mean | 42.00 | 20.20 | 45.50 | 23.90 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 2.87 | 5.87 | 3.89 | 5.23 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
12. | A Fayyad et al. [25] | 62% GP | Mean | 29.20 | 14.90 | 34.30 | 12.50 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 5.80 | 4.87 | 6.89 | 3.78 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
13. | N Al-Kaisy [26] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 62.68 | 71.52 | 62.68 | 71.52 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.13 | |||
14. | Shahnawaz et al. [30] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 67.00 | 67.00 | 67.00 | 67.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | |||
15. | S Azam [31] | 62% GP | Mean | 10.00 | 2.00 | 10.00 | 6.00 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
16. | Masood et al. [32] | 62% GP | Mean | 18.57 | 18.57 | 18.57 | 18.57 | 35.00 | 35.00 | 35.00 | 35.00 |
Sd | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | |||
17. | VS Agrawal [33] | 62% GP | Mean | 3.75 | 6.25 | 3.75 | 6.25 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 0.043 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 1.59 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
18. | R Meshramkar [34] | 62% GP | Mean | 3.90 | 0.60 | 3.90 | 0.60 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 3.98 | 0.82 | 3.12 | 0.82 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
19. | NG Chander [35] | 62% GP | Mean | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 |
Sd | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.01 | |||
20. | TA Naqash [36] | 62% GP | Mean | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 |
Sd | 2.28 | 2.28 | 2.28 | 2.28 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.060 | 0.09 | |||
21. | S Rana [37] | 62% GP | Mean | 35.00 | NR | 35.00 | NR | 49.00 | NR | 49.90 | NR |
Sd | 3.23 | NR | 3.23 | NR | 0.15 | NR | 0.15 | NR | |||
22. | MN Hegde [38] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 18.00 | NR | 23.00 | NR |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.15 | NR | 0.15 | NR | |||
23. | SA Shah [39] | 62% GP | Mean | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 |
Sd | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 1.89 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.14 | |||
24. | Kulreshtha et al. [40] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 47.00 | 33.00 | 47.00 | 33.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.22 | |||
25. | R. Gyawali [41] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 68.10 | 75.70 | 67.70 | 75.60 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.15 | |||
26. | A Maharjan [42] | 62% GP | Mean | 14.28 | 12.69 | 14.28 | 12.69 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 2.98 | 2.01 | 2.98 | 2.01 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
27. | Rokaya et al. [43] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 66.00 | 70.00 | 66.00 | 70.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.60 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 0.06 | |||
28. | MK Mishra [44] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 83.00 | 112.00 | 85.00 | 110.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | |||
29. | M Aziz [45] | 62% GP | Mean | 17.00 | 4.00 | 17.00 | 4.00 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 1.87 | 0.08 | 1.87 | 0.08 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
30. | Parnia et al. [46] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 66.00 | 66.00 | 63.00 | 68.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.13 | |||
31. | A Nikgoo [47] | 62% GP | Mean | 42.13 | 13.63 | 42.13 | 13.63 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 5.87 | 3.61 | 5.87 | 3.61 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
32. | M. Azimi [48] | 62% GP | Mean | 25.00 | 2.10 | 25.00 | 2.10 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 3.98 | 1.87 | 3.98 | 1.87 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |||
33. | H Ozdemir [49] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 68.08 | 86.92 | 68.08 | 87.46 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.10 | |||
34. | Sulaiman et al. [50] | 62% GP | Mean | 19.00 | 17.00 | 19.00 | 17.00 | 70.00 | 82.00 | 70.00 | 82.00 |
Sd | 2.98 | 1.77 | 2.98 | 1.77 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.15 | |||
35. | AA Swelem [51] | 62% GP | Mean | 6.65 | 10.00 | 6.65 | 10.00 | 52.00 | 60.00 | 52.00 | 60.00 |
Sd | 5.85 | 2.90 | 5.85 | 2.90 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | |||
36. | Aldegheishem et al. [52] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 78.00 | 72.00 | 96.00 | 75.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.16 | |||
37. | A Kanaparthy [53] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 65.75 | 57.50 | 65.75 | 57.50 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.12 | |||
38. | Sah et al. [54] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 78.05 | 76.73 | 78.05 | 76.73 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.53 | 0.14 | |||
39. | Q Zhao [55] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 19.50 | 13.40 | 19.50 | 13.40 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |||
40. | Yagasaki et al. [56] | 62% GP | Mean | 1.90 | 0.60 | 1.90 | 0.60 | 36.00 | 84.00 | 36.00 | 84.00 |
Sd | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |||
41. | MX Jin [57] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 38.90 | 83.30 | 38.90 | 83.90 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.09 | |||
42. | I Al-Sheakli [58] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 67.20 | 79.64 | 67.13 | 82.20 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5.36 | 11.78 | 6.91 | 11.78 | |||
43. | LM Ramirez [59] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 69.00 | 82.00 | 68.00 | 82.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.13 | |||
44. | R Kalia [60] | 62% GP | Mean | 10.00 | 1.40 | 10.00 | 1.40 | 51.10 | 82.60 | 51.10 | 82.60 |
Sd | 2.89 | 2.10 | 2.89 | 2.10 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
45. | Melo et al. [61] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 61.60 | 83.20 | 61.60 | 83.20 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.14 | |||
46. | Becerra et al. [62] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 80 | NR | 80 | NR |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.15 | NR | 0.15 | NR | |||
47. | D Calcada [63] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 65.74 | 85.47 | 65.12 | 85.84 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.01 | |||
48. | A Forster [64] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 59.00 | 85.00 | 58.00 | 89.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.22 | |||
49. | Condon et al. [65] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 65.00 | 89.00 | 65.00 | 89.00 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | |||
50. | Pesson et al. [66] | 62% GP | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 24.00 | 14.50 | 24.00 | 14.50 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.11 | |||
51. | F Beyuo [67] | 62% GP | Mean | 4.50 | 10.70 | 4.50 | 10.70 | 49.60 | 67.70 | 49.60 | 67.70 |
Sd | 4.90 | 3.56 | 4.90 | 3.56 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.21 | |||
52. | MA Swileh [68] | 62% GP | Mean | 2.40 | 4.90 | 2.40 | 4.90 | 59.00 | 59.00 | 59.00 | 59.00 |
Sd | 1.09 | 3.87 | 1.09 | 3.87 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
Authors | Study Design | Research Groups | Assessment Method | Sample Size | Conclusion/Outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Control | ||||||
C | S | ||||||
JD Preston [14] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D photographs of dental cast analysis | 58 | 58 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
M Mahshid [15] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 157 | 157 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
F Umer [16] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast and grid analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
S. Muhammad [17] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 70 | 70 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
NT Niranjan [18] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast and 2D photographs analysis | 60 | 60 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
U Hasanreisoglu [19] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast and 2D photographs analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
TB Shetty [20] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
BVS Murthy [21] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 56 | 56 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Sandeep et al. [22] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast and 2D photograph analysis | 240 | 240 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
MI Al Marzok [23] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 49 | 49 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Alhabahbah et al. [24] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 150 | 150 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Fayyad et al. [25] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 376 | 376 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
N Al- Kaisy [26] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photographs of dental cast analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in central and lateral incisor teeth |
Shahnawaz et al. [30] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
S. Azam [31] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 50 | 50 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Masood et al. [32] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 140 | 140 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
VS Agrawal [33] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 80 | 80 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
R Meshramkar [34] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 214 | 214 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
NG Chander [35] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Direct clinical measurement of teeth | 576 | 576 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
TA Naqash [36] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Direct clinical measurement of teeth | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
S Rana [37] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 14 | 14 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
MN Hegde [38] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Direct clinical measurement of teeth | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
SA Shah [39] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Direct clinical measurement of teeth | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Kulreshtha et al. [40] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 120 | 120 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
R Gyawali [41] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 160 | 160 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
A Maharjan [42] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 63 | 63 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Rokaya et al. [43] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 150 | 150 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
MK Mishra [44] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 140 | 140 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
M Aziz [45] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 50 | 50 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Parnia et al. [46] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
A Nikgoo [47] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 903 | 903 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
M azimi [48] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 116 | 116 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
H Ozdemir [49] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 150 | 150 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Sulaiman et al. [50] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 100 | 100 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
AA Swelem [51] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 360 | 360 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Aldegheishem et al. [52] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Digital impression, Digital cast and 2D Photograph analysis | 61 | 61 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
A Kanaparthy [53] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 60 | 60 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Sah et al. [54] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 147 | 147 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Q Zhao [55] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 101 | 101 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Yagasaki et al. [56] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 162 | 162 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
MX Jin [57] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast and 2D photographs analysis | 30 | 30 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
I Al-Sheakli I [58] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 80 | 80 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
LM Ramirez [59] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 351 | 351 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
R Kalia [60] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 509 | 509 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Melo et al. [61] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental cast analysis | 384 | 384 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Becerra et al. [62] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph and dental cast analysis | 203 | 203 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
D Calcada [63] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 50 | 50 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
A Forster [64] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 109 | 109 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Condon et al. [65] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph and dental cast analysis | 109 | 109 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
Pesson et al. [66] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Direct clinical measurement of teeth | 80 | 80 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
F Beyuo [67] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | Dental measurement | 140 | 140 | Golden proportion was not found in anterior teeth |
MA Swileh [68] | Case control | Anterior teeth measurement | 62% Golden Proportion | 2D Photograph analysis | 82 | 82 | Golden proportion was not found in all anterior teeth |
Country ä | N * | Unit | Golden Proportion 62% β | Local Proportion % α | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right | Left | Right | Left | |||||||
CI-LI % | LI-Ca % | CI-LI % | LI-Ca % | CI-LI % | LI-Ca % | CI-LI % | LI-Ca % | |||
Pakistan | 07 | Mean | 27.68 | 26.68 | 27.68 | 25.68 | 53 | 49.57 | 53 | 49.57 |
Sd | 24.281 | 25.313 | 24.281 | 26.456 | 0.147 | 0.150 | 0.147 | 0.150 | ||
India | 16 | Mean | 13.61 | 8.60 | 13.41 | 7.58 | 40.84 | 42.76 | 41.41 | 31.41 |
Sd | 11.139 | 7.884 | 11.069 | 4.962 | 0.113 | 0.150 | 0.118 | 0.153 | ||
Nepal | 03 | Mean | 14.28 | 12.69 | 14.28 | 12.69 | 74.50 | 91 | 75.50 | 90 |
Sd | 0.56 | 1.56 | 0.56 | 1.56 | 0.343 | 0.092 | 0.348 | 0.095 | ||
Bangladesh | 01 | Mean | 17 | 4 | 17 | 4 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 0.148 | 0.035 | 0.148 | 0.035 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||
SOUTH ASIA | 27 | Range | 14–28 | 4.0–27 | 14–28 | 4–26 | 40–75 | 43–91 | 42–76 | 32–90 |
Iran | 04 | Mean | 34.01 | 8.57 | 34.01 | 8.57 | 66.50 | 75 | 65 | 76 |
Sd | 8.599 | 5.895 | 8.599 | 5.895 | 0.707 | 12.727 | 2.828 | 11.313 | ||
Turkey | 02 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 60.54 | 82.96 | 60.54 | 83.23 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10.663 | 5.600 | 10.663 | 5.982 | ||
Iraq | 02 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 64.90 | 75.58 | 64.90 | 76.86 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 2.710 | 5.955 | 3.484 | 5.954 | ||
Saudi Arabia | 03 | Mean | 6.65 | 10 | 6.65 | 10 | 65.25 | 63.16 | 71.25 | 64.16 |
Sd | 0.028 | 0.194 | 0.028 | 0.194 | 0.130 | 0.310 | 0.100 | 0.139 | ||
Jordan | 02 | Mean | 39.90 | 18.20 | 35.60 | 17.55 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 7.919 | 8.061 | 9.050 | 3.747 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||
WEST ASIA | 13 | Range | 7–40 | 9–19 | 7–36 | 9–18 | 61–67 | 64–84 | 61–72 | 65–84 |
Canada | 02 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 48.77 | 45.06 | 48.77 | 45.06 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.089 | 0.085 | ||
United States | 01 | Mean | 17.00 | NR | 17.00 | NR | 51.00 | 19.00 | 51.00 | 19.00 |
Sd | 2.340 | NR | 2.340 | NR | 0.170 | 0.230 | 0.170 | 0.230 | ||
NORTH AMERICA | 03 | Range | 15–20 | NR | 15–20 | NR | 49–52 | 20–46 | 49–51 | 19–46 |
South Korea | 01 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 38.90 | 83.30 | 38.90 | 83.30 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.113 | 0.092 | 0.113 | 0.092 | ||
Japan | 01 | Mean | 1.90 | 0.60 | 1.90 | 0.60 | 36.00 | 84.00 | 36.00 | 84.00 |
Sd | 0.760 | 0.020 | 0.760 | 0.020 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.090 | ||
EAST ASIA | 02 | Range | 2–3 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 1–2 | 36–39 | 83–85 | 36–38 | 83–85 |
Jordan | 02 | Mean | 39.90 | 18.20 | 35.60 | 17.55 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sd | 7.919 | 8.060 | 9.050 | 3.740 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ||
MIDDLE EAST | 02 | Range | 32–48 | 11–27 | 27–45 | 14–22 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Malaysia | 02 | Mean | 19.70 | 18.70 | 19.70 | 18.70 | 71.58 | 79.66 | 71.58 | 79.66 |
Sd | 0.989 | 2.404 | 0.989 | 2.404 | 2.234 | 3.309 | 2.234 | 3.309 | ||
SOUTHEAST ASIA | 02 | Range | 19–21 | 17–22 | 19–21 | 17–22 | 70–74 | 77–83 | 70–74 | 77–83 |
United Kingdom | 03 | Mean | 10 | 1.40 | 10 | 1.40 | 36.05 | 87.30 | 36.05 | 87.30 |
Sd | 0.098 | 0.021 | 0.098 | 0.021 | 0.051 | 0.046 | 0.051 | 0.046 | ||
Spain | 02 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 61.60 | 83.20 | 61.60 | 83.20 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.14 | ||
Portugal | 01 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 65.74 | 85.47 | 65.12 | 85.84 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.01 | ||
Hungary | 01 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 59 | 85 | 58 | 89 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.22 | ||
Ireland | 01 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 65 | 89 | 65 | 89 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | ||
EUROPE | 08 | Range | 9–11 | 1–3 | 9–11 | 1–3 | 37–66 | 84–89 | 37–66 | 84–89 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 01 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 24 | 14.50 | 24 | 14.50 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.080 | 0.108 | 0.080 | 0.108 | ||
Zimbabwe | 01 | Mean | 4.50 | 10.70 | 4.50 | 10.70 | 49.60 | 67.70 | 49.60 | 67.70 |
Sd | 4.90 | 3.56 | 4.90 | 3.56 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.21 | ||
Sudan | 01 | Mean | 2.40 | 4.90 | 2.40 | 4.90 | 55–64 | 55–64 | 55–64 | 55–64 |
Sd | 1.09 | 3.87 | 1.09 | 3.87 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.21 | ||
AFRICA | 03 | Range | 3–5 | 5–11 | 3–6 | 5–11 | 24–64 | 15–68 | 24–64 | 15–64 |
Colombia | 01 | Mean | NR | NR | NR | NR | 69 | 82 | 68 | 82 |
Sd | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.060 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 0.130 | ||
SOUTH AMERICA | 01 | Range | NR | NR | NR | NR | 68–70 | 81–83 | 67–69 | 81–83 |
Golden Proportion 62% | N | Mean Percentage α | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|
Right central and lateral incisor | 26 | 18.514 | 14.138 |
Right lateral incisor and canine | 26 | 12.180 | 12.545 |
Left central and lateral incisor | 26 | 18.259 | 13.958 |
Left lateral incisor and canine | 26 | 11.788 | 12.333 |
Local Proportion α | N * | Range | Mean Percentage β | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Right central and lateral incisor | 38 | 40–70 | 54.526 | 14.684 |
Right lateral incisor and canine | 36 | 51–78 | 63.975 | 13.121 |
Left central and lateral incisor | 38 | 42–69 | 55.024 | 13.072 |
Left lateral incisor and canine | 36 | 51–78 | 63.975 | 13.121 |
No. | Author ID Year | Selection | Comparability | Exposure | Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | JD Preston 1993 | **** | * | * | 6 |
2. | M Mahshid 2004 | **** | ** | *** | 9 |
3. | F Umer 2010 | *** | ** | ** | 7 |
4. | Shahnawaz et al. 2019 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
5. | S. Azam 2014 | ** | * | ** | 5 |
6. | S. Muhammad 2016 | **** | * | ** | 7 |
7. | Masood et al. 2019 | **** | * | ** | 7 |
8. | VS Agrawal 2016 | ** | * | ** | 5 |
9. | BVS Murthy 2008 | ** | * | ** | 5 |
10. | Sandeep et al. 2015 | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
11. | R Meshramkar 2013 | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
12. | NG Chander 2012 | **** | * | ** | 8 |
13. | NT Niranjan 2016 | **** | * | ** | 7 |
14. | TA Naqash 2013 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
15. | S Rana 2014 | ** | * | ** | 5 |
16. | MN Hegde 2016 | **** | * | ** | 7 |
17. | SA Shah 2014 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
18. | Kulshresthaet al 2017 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
19. | R Gyawali 2017 | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
20. | A Maharjan2018 | **** | * | ** | 7 |
21. | Rokaya et al. 2015 | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
22. | MK Mishra 2018 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
23. | M. Aziz 2017 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
24. | Parnia et al. 2010 | *** | * | ** | 6 |
25. | Nikgoo et al. 2009 | **** | ** | *** | 9 |
26. | M Azimi 2016 | *** | ** | ** | 7 |
27. | H Ozdemir | *** | * | ** | 6 |
28. | U Hasanreisoglu | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
29. | MI Al-Marzok | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
30. | Sulaiman et al. | *** | * | ** | 6 |
31. | AA Swelem | **** | * | ** | 7 |
32. | Aldegheishemet al | **** | * | ** | 7 |
33. | A Kanaparthy | *** | * | ** | 6 |
34. | Sah et al. | **** | * | ** | 7 |
35. | Q Zhao | **** | ** | *** | 9 |
36. | Yagasaki et al. | *** | * | ** | 6 |
37. | MX Jin | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
38. | N Al-Kaisy | **** | ** | * | 7 |
39. | I Al-Sheakli | ** | * | *** | 6 |
40. | Fayyad MA et al. | ** | * | ** | 5 |
41. | Alhabahbah et al. | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
42. | LM Ramirez | *** | ** | ** | 7 |
43. | TB Shetty | *** | * | *** | 7 |
44. | R. Kalia | *** | * | ** | 6 |
45. | Melo et al. | **** | * | ** | 7 |
46. | Becerra et al. | **** | * | ** | 7 |
47. | D Calçada | *** | * | *** | 6 |
48. | A Forster | *** | ** | ** | 7 |
49. | Condon et al. | **** | * | *** | 8 |
50. | Pesson et al. | *** | * | ** | 6 |
51. | F. Beyuo | **** | ** | ** | 8 |
52. | MASwileh | **** | * | *** | 8 |
No. | Study | Patient Chosen Randomly | Blinding | Withdrawal/Dropout Mentioned | Variables Measured Many Times | Sample Size | Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Clear | Examiner Reliability Tested | Clearly Report All Expected Outcomes Prespecified | Quality of Study/Bias Risk | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | Assessor | ||||||||||
1. | JD Preston | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
2. | M Mahshid | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
3. | F Umer | Unclear | unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | High |
4. | Shahnawaz et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
5. | S. Azam | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
6. | S. muhammad | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
7. | Masood et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
8. | VS Agrawal | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
9. | BVS Murthy | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
10. | Sandeep et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
11. | R Meshramkar | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | High |
12. | NG Chander | Yes | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
13. | NT Niranjan | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Low |
14. | TA Naqash | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
15. | S Rana | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | High |
16. | MN Hegde | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
17. | SA Shah | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
18. | Kulshrestha et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | High |
19. | R Gyawali | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
20. | A Maharjan | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
21. | Rokaya et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
22. | MK Mishra | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | High |
23. | M. Aziz | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
24. | Parnia et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
25. | A Nikgoo | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
26. | M Azimi | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
27. | H Ozdemir | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
28. | Hasanreisoglu U | Unclear | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
29. | MI Al-Marzok | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
30. | Sulaiman et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
31. | AA Swelem | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
32. | Aldegheishemet al | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
33. | A Kanaparthy | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | High |
34. | Sah et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
35. | Q Zhao | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
36. | Yagasaki et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Moderate |
37. | MX Jin | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
38. | N Al-Kaisy | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
39. | I Al-Sheakli | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
40. | Fayyad et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
41. | Alhabahbah et al. | Yes | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
42. | LM Ramirez | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
43. | TB Shetty | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
44. | R. Kalia | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
45. | Melo et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
46. | Becerra et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
47. | D Calçada | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Moderate |
48. | A Forster | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
49. | Condon et al. | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
50. | Pesson et al. | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
51. | F. Beyuo | Unclear | No | Unclear | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
52. | M.A. Swileh | Unclear | No | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
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Ahmed, N.; Abbasi, M.S.; Vohra, F.; Khalid, S.; Halim, M.S.; Ab-Ghani, Z.; Alrabiah, M.; Al Ahdal, K.; Alhamdan, M.M.; AlFaraz, Y.; et al. Assessment of Golden Proportion among Natural Maxillary Anterior Teeth of Global Population: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6196. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126196
Ahmed N, Abbasi MS, Vohra F, Khalid S, Halim MS, Ab-Ghani Z, Alrabiah M, Al Ahdal K, Alhamdan MM, AlFaraz Y, et al. Assessment of Golden Proportion among Natural Maxillary Anterior Teeth of Global Population: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(12):6196. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126196
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed, Naseer, Maria S. Abbasi, Fahim Vohra, Shiza Khalid, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Zuryati Ab-Ghani, Mohammed Alrabiah, Khold Al Ahdal, Mai M. Alhamdan, Yassen AlFaraz, and et al. 2022. "Assessment of Golden Proportion among Natural Maxillary Anterior Teeth of Global Population: A Systematic Review" Applied Sciences 12, no. 12: 6196. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126196