Investigation of the Effect of Leachate on Permeability and Heavy Metal Removal in Soils Improved with Nano Additives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Compaction Test
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Permeability
2.5. Heavy Metals Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Permeability
3.2. Heavy Metal Removal
3.2.1. Iron Removal Rate
3.2.2. Manganese Removal Rate
3.2.3. Zinc Removal Rate
3.2.4. Copper Removal Rate
3.2.5. Lead Removal Rate
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The concentration of heavy metals in the leachate obtained from the solid waste landfill was determined to be Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb, from high to low.
- (2)
- Nano-sized iron oxide, aluminum oxide, and Oltu clay caused the clogging of the large-sized pores of the kaolin and reduced the leachate permeability of the kaolin. The permeability decreased with increasing amounts of all nanomaterials in kaolin. In terms of reducing the permeability of kaolin, Oltu clay with the smallest size and high surface area exhibited the best performance, followed by aluminum oxide and iron oxide, respectively. The permeabilities of 5% Oltu clay, 5% aluminum oxide, and 5% iron oxide added kaolin samples decreased by 96.89%, 81.26%, and 63.36%, respectively, compared to the permeability of kaolin without nanomaterial additives.
- (3)
- All of the kaolin samples containing nanomaterials exhibited a higher heavy metal removal rate over the 90-day measurement period than the undoped kaolin. The removal rate of heavy metals increased with increasing amounts of nanomaterials in the kaolin. While the highest removal rate of heavy metals (lead, copper, zinc, manganese, and iron) of kaolin over 90 days varied between 27 and 87%, for 5% Oltu-clay-added kaolin, this value varied between 41% and 93%. The highest heavy metal removal rates were obtained in kaolin + 5% Oltu clay sample, since Oltu clay has the highest surface area.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Content (%) |
---|---|
Loss on ignition (LOI) | 10.0 ± 1.0 |
SiO2 | 57.5 ± 1.0 |
Al2O3 | 27.0 ± 1.0 |
Fe2O3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 |
TiO2 | 1.2 ± 0.1 |
CaO | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
MgO | 0.45 ± 0.1 |
Na2O | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
K2O | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
Soluble Salt | 0.4 ± 0.1 |
Soluble SO4 | 0.2 ± 0.1 |
SO3 * | 0.15 ± 0.1 |
C * | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
Size (µm) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|
<2 | 65 |
<10 | 80 |
>63 | 2 |
Material | Chemical Formula | Purity (%) | Particle Size (nm) | Surface Area (m2/g) | Form |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iron oxide | Fe3O4 | 97 | 50–100 | 6–8 | Nano powder |
Aluminum oxide | Al2O3 | 99.8 | 13 | 85–115 | Nano powder |
Oltu clay | - | - | 5–10 | >110 | Nano clay |
Component | Content |
---|---|
LOI | 13 |
SiO2 | 41.48 |
Al2O3 | 12.22 |
MgO | 8.10 |
Na2O | 0.20 |
K2O | 1.23 |
CaO | 11.14 |
TiO2 | 0.53 |
Fe2O3 | 9.88 |
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Özçoban, M.Ş.; Acarer, S. Investigation of the Effect of Leachate on Permeability and Heavy Metal Removal in Soils Improved with Nano Additives. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126104
Özçoban MŞ, Acarer S. Investigation of the Effect of Leachate on Permeability and Heavy Metal Removal in Soils Improved with Nano Additives. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(12):6104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126104
Chicago/Turabian StyleÖzçoban, Mehmet Şükrü, and Seren Acarer. 2022. "Investigation of the Effect of Leachate on Permeability and Heavy Metal Removal in Soils Improved with Nano Additives" Applied Sciences 12, no. 12: 6104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126104