Impact of the Sub-Grid Scale Turbulence Model in Aeroacoustic Simulation of Human Voice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CFD Model of Incompressible Flow in the Larynx
2.1. Mathematical Model
2.1.1. Smagorinsky SGS Model
2.1.2. One-Equation SGS Model
2.1.3. Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity SGS Model
2.2. Boundary Conditions
2.3. CFD Geometry and Mesh
2.4. Discretization and Numerical Solution
2.5. CFD Results
3. Computational Aeroacoustic (CAA) Model of Human Phonation
- i.
- A monopole source term due to the motion of vocal folds (the term is zero, when the walls are fixed and also the monopole source term at inlet is often omitted due to a non-reflecting boundary condition).
- ii.
- A dipole source term due to the unsteady force exerted by the surface of the vocal folds onto the fluid.
- iii.
- A quadrupole sound term due to the unsteady flow inside the vocal tract. See [2] for more details.
3.1. Mathematical Model
3.1.1. Acoustic Perturbation Equations (APEs)
- The velocity field is purely solenoidal, that is, ,
- The density is constant, that is, and ,
- The acoustic field is irrotational, that is, .
3.1.2. Perturbed Convective Wave Equation (PCWE)
3.2. Geometry, Mesh and Numerical Solution
3.3. CAA Results
3.3.1. Acoustic Sources
3.3.2. Wave Propagation
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boundary | ||
---|---|---|
Inlet | from flux, | 350 |
0, | ||
Outlet | , | 0 |
, | ||
Vocal folds , | ||
Fixed walls |
Symbol | Meaning | Time [s] |
---|---|---|
closed divergent | 0.1900 | |
closed convergent | 0.1927 | |
open glottis | 0.1963 |
Case | Turb. Modelling | SGS Model | Walltime |
---|---|---|---|
LAM | laminar | - | 27 days |
OE | LES | One-Equation | 34 days |
WALE | LES | WALE | 37 days |
Case | |||||||
LAM-u | 44.05 | 57.48 | 55.20 | 33.12 | 34.25 | 57.31 | 45.49 |
OE-u | 38.34 | 55.13 | 47.79 | 15.33 | 28.94 | 40.88 | 35.76 |
WALE-u | 44.06 | 56.86 | 53.52 | 20.03 | 33.42 | 48.29 | 42.15 |
Case | |||||||
LAM-i | 52.68 | 53.31 | 51.52 | 28.99 | 32.46 | 34.62 | 56.02 |
OE-i | 42.07 | 57.76 | 46.08 | 15.24 | 28.49 | 29.70 | 43.95 |
WALE-i | 47.69 | 59.45 | 51.88 | 19.86 | 34.13 | 35.96 | 58.77 |
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Lasota, M.; Šidlof, P.; Kaltenbacher, M.; Schoder, S. Impact of the Sub-Grid Scale Turbulence Model in Aeroacoustic Simulation of Human Voice. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041970
Lasota M, Šidlof P, Kaltenbacher M, Schoder S. Impact of the Sub-Grid Scale Turbulence Model in Aeroacoustic Simulation of Human Voice. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(4):1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041970
Chicago/Turabian StyleLasota, Martin, Petr Šidlof, Manfred Kaltenbacher, and Stefan Schoder. 2021. "Impact of the Sub-Grid Scale Turbulence Model in Aeroacoustic Simulation of Human Voice" Applied Sciences 11, no. 4: 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041970
APA StyleLasota, M., Šidlof, P., Kaltenbacher, M., & Schoder, S. (2021). Impact of the Sub-Grid Scale Turbulence Model in Aeroacoustic Simulation of Human Voice. Applied Sciences, 11(4), 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041970