Research in Sustainable Energy Systems at the Department of Management and Engineering during the First 15 Years of 2000
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research in Sustainable Energy Systems at DTG: Main Results and Discussion
2.1. LCA and LCC of Building Insulation Materials in Italy
2.2. Summer and Winter Energy Analysis of a Green Roof in Vicenza
2.3. Energy Performance of PV/T Modules: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis
COGEN | PVTWIN | MSS | HYBRIS | THYBRIS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | Glazed | Glazed | Unglazed | Unglazed | Unglazed |
PV cells | Single-crystalline Si | Multi-crystalline Si | Multi-crystalline Si | Single-crystalline Si | Amorphous Si |
Gross area (m2) | 1.2 | 2.54 | 2.7 | 1.27 | 2.09 |
Nominal power (Wp) | 135 | 295 | 300 | 170 | 52 |
Electrical efficiency | 11.2% | 11.6% | 11.5% | 13.3% | 10% |
Absorber | Roll-bond type made of aluminium suitably glued to the Tedlar film of the PV laminate | Plate-and-tube type made of copper | Plate-and-tube type made of aluminium | Roll-bond type made of aluminium suitably glued to the Tedlar film of the PV laminate | Copper selective solar thermal collector |
Manufacturer | By the authors | PVTWINS (The Netherlands) | Millennium Electric T.O.U. (Israel) | SY.T.EN. (Italy) | By the authors |
2.4. Energy and Economic Analysis of Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling
- Heat Recovery (HR): Sensible heat recovery, typically by a cross-flow heat exchanger, is always useful when the external air enthalpy hE is greater than the ambient enthalpy hA; in contrast, the heat exchanger must be bypassed so as to use the outdoor air (eventually mixed with the recirculated air) for free cooling (Figure 12a);
- Direct Evaporative Cooling (DEC): External air can help achieve the cooling load by directly humidifying it by an adiabatic saturator when the enthalpy of the outside air hE is lower than that of the inside air hA, and the humidity ratio (xE) is suitably lower than that of the inside air (xA) in order to cover internal latent load (Figure 12b);
- Indirect Evaporative Cooling (Single Stage) (IEC_SS): The idea is to place an adiabatic saturator in the inside air flow GO to humidify it before being exhausted; thus, its temperature decreases, allowing to cool the outside air flow GE. This is useful to improve the performance of the sensible heat exchanger in the cooling season, as a free cooling effect is also present in case external air enthalpy hE should be greater than the inside air hA (Figure 12c);
- Indirect Evaporative Cooling (Double Stage) (IEC_DS): Internal air is humidified and flows through two cross-flow heat exchangers before being discharged. Such a system emphasizes the adiabatic cooling, and so increases the free cooling effect with respect to the IEC single stage. However, it also increases the pressure drop of the AHU; therefore, overall performance must be carefully evaluated (Figure 12d).
2.5. An Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Energy Saving for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning in Supermarkets
2.6. Urban Heat Island Effect in Padova: Theoretic and Experimental Analysis
Prato Della Valle | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
Pos.1 | Pos.2 | Pos.3 | Pos.4 | Pos.5 | Pos.6 | |
Temperature (°C) | 28.4 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 27.0 | 26.9 | 27.4 |
UHI Intensity (°C) | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.7 |
Relative humidity (%) | 48.0 | 48.2 | 49.1 | 52.9 | 53.5 | 51.5 |
MRT (°C) | 26.5 | 27.4 | 25.2 | 20.1 | 22.2 | 24.8 |
PMV | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
PET (°C) | 26.1 | 26.5 | 25.3 | 22.5 | 23.3 | 24.7 |
SET* (°C) | 20.1 | 20.5 | 19.3 | 16.5 | 17.6 | 19.0 |
| | |
Position | Scenario “AsIs” | Scenario “Green Ground” |
1 | Asphalt—far from buildings | Green—far from water |
2 | Asphalt—near to buildings | Asphalt—near to buildings |
3 | Gravel—near to water | Gravel—near to water |
4 | Gravel—far from water | Gravel—far from water |
5 | Green—far from water | Green—Trees |
6 | Green—near to water | Green—Trees |
7 | Green—Trees | Green—Trees |
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AC | Humidifier |
AHU | Air Handling Unit |
AT | Air Temperature |
BLDC | BrushLess Direct Current motor |
CFC | Chloro-Fluoro-Carbon |
CL | Closed |
COP | Coefficient Of Performance |
DEC | Direct Evaporative Cooling |
DEC_DS | Direct Evaporative Cooling Double Stage |
DHW | Domestic Hot Water |
DTG | Department of Management and Engineering |
EER | Energy Efficiency Ratio |
EEV | Electronic Expansion Valve |
EV | Electric Valve |
EU | European Union |
HCFC | Hydro-Chloro-Fluoro-Carbon |
HR | Heat Recovery |
H/R | Height to Width ratio |
HU | Humidifier |
IEC | Indirect Evaporative Cooling |
IEC_DS | Indirect Evaporative Cooling Double Stage |
LCA | Life Cycle Analysis |
LCC | Life Cycle Cost |
LT | Low Temperature |
MP | MultiPlex |
MRT | Mean Radiant Temperature |
MT | Medium Temperature |
NPW | Net Present Worth |
NW | North-West |
NZEB | Nearly Zero Energy Building |
PE | Primary Energy |
PET | Physiological Equivalent Temperature |
PID | Proportional-Integral-Derivative |
PMV | Predicted Mean Vote |
PV | PhotoVoltaics |
PV/T | PhotoVoltaic/Thermal |
SE | South-East |
SET* | Standard Effective Temperature |
SVF | Sky View Factor |
TEV | Thermostatic Expansion Valve |
UHI | Urban Heat Island |
WLSC | Water-Loop Self-Contained |
Symbols | |
G | Air flow rate (kg s−1) |
h | Specific enthalpy (J kg−1) |
t | Air temperature (°C) |
T | Water temperature (°C) |
x | Humidity ratio (kg kg−1) |
Subscripts | |
A | Ambient air |
C | Air thermodynamic condition after AC humidifier |
DC | Dry-cooler |
E | External air |
ext | External |
I | Inlet air |
in | Input |
M | Mixed air< |
min | Minimum |
O | Outlet air |
OUT | Outlet air |
out | Output |
Rec | Recirculated air |
vent | Ventilation air |
w | Water |
X | Air thermodynamic condition after ξ heat exchanger |
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Zone | Enthalpy | Humidity | External Air Flow GE | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | hE > hA | xE > xI | Gvent | No energy saving zone |
D2 | hI < hE < hA | GI | Possibility of energy saving with dehumidification | |
D3 | hE < hI | GI∙(hA – hI)/(hA – hE) | Possibility of energy saving with dehumidification | |
U1 | hE > hA | xE < xI | Gvent | No energy savings and with dehumidification |
U2 | hI < hE < hA | GI | Partial free cooling and humidification | |
U3 | hE,min < hE < hI | GI∙(hA – hI)/(hA – hE) | Total free cooling and humidification | |
U4 | hE < hE,min | Gvent | Heating and humidification |
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Bagarella, G.; Busato, F.; Castellotti, F.; D’Ascanio, A.; Lazzarin, R.; Minchio, F.; Nardotto, D.; Noro, M.; Zamboni, L. Research in Sustainable Energy Systems at the Department of Management and Engineering during the First 15 Years of 2000. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 12155. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412155
Bagarella G, Busato F, Castellotti F, D’Ascanio A, Lazzarin R, Minchio F, Nardotto D, Noro M, Zamboni L. Research in Sustainable Energy Systems at the Department of Management and Engineering during the First 15 Years of 2000. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(24):12155. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412155
Chicago/Turabian StyleBagarella, Giacomo, Filippo Busato, Francesco Castellotti, Andrea D’Ascanio, Renato Lazzarin, Fabio Minchio, Daniele Nardotto, Marco Noro, and Lorenzo Zamboni. 2021. "Research in Sustainable Energy Systems at the Department of Management and Engineering during the First 15 Years of 2000" Applied Sciences 11, no. 24: 12155. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412155
APA StyleBagarella, G., Busato, F., Castellotti, F., D’Ascanio, A., Lazzarin, R., Minchio, F., Nardotto, D., Noro, M., & Zamboni, L. (2021). Research in Sustainable Energy Systems at the Department of Management and Engineering during the First 15 Years of 2000. Applied Sciences, 11(24), 12155. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412155