Pain Management Using Nano-Bio Fusion Gel in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy-Induced Gingivitis: A Split-Mouth Design Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Selection Guideline | Inclusive Class I or II or III Angle’s malocclusion. | Exclusive Craniofacial abnormalities, patient on regular medication, TMJ-dysfunction, parafunctional habits, multiple missing teeth and periodontally compromised tooth/teeth |
Study design | Prospective-clinical-intervention. | |
Intervention | NBFG on experimental side, twice a day after brushing for 28 days. | |
Comparison | Placebo-gel on the control side that contains water, thickener, preservative, sorbitol and a small amount of peppermint. | |
Outcome | PP of FOTIG | |
Sample size calculation | With the power 80%, α 0.05 and effect size (d) 0.22 was used (G*Power-software version 3.0.10). Thus, the total sample size finalized for this study was 32. | |
Randomization of patients into treatment and control group | A computer software program was used to code each participant for the NBFG and placebo-gel application to avoid bias. | |
NBFG application | Initially a trained dental assistant applied the NBFG and placebo-gel followed by training of the patients by a dental assistant. The patients were instructed to follow the same protocol. | |
Pain perception | The numerical rating scale (NRS) questionnaire was used to measure PP. The numerical scale consisted of segments ranging from 0 to 10, with 0 being “no pain” and 10 being “the worst pain imaginable”. The participants picked (verbal version) or drew a circle around (written version) the number that best describes the pain dimension, usually intensity. A trained dental assistant recorded initial baseline data (T1), immediately after case and control selection. The participants were asked to record pain on both sides (active and placebo side) using 2 sets of questionnaires at the 7th day (T2) and the 28th day (T3). In addition, telephone calls/message were made on the 7th day and the 28th day (T3) to ensure collection of data. | |
Statistical analysis | Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). The mean rank values of PP among the 2 groups were obtained by descriptive analysis. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare the level of PP between the 2 groups and disparities between time points, i.e., T1, T2, and T3. Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between PP and time of application of active and placebo-gel. |
(n = 64) | T1 | T2 | T3 |
---|---|---|---|
Mann–Whitney U | 512 | 54 | 22 |
Wilcoxon W | 1040 | 582 | 550 |
Test Static | 512 | 54 | 22 |
Standard Error | 71.49 | 72.67 | 72.80 |
Standardized Test Statistic | 0.000 | −6.302 | −6.730 |
Asymptotic Sig. (2-sided test) | 1.000 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
n = 64 | Active Group (T1) | Active Group (T2) | Active Group (T3) | Placebo Group (T1) | Placebo Group (T2) | Placebo Group (T3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active group (T1) | 1 | |||||
Active group (T2) | 0.557 ** | 1 | ||||
Active group (T3) | 0.380 * | 0.529 ** | 1 | |||
Placebo group (T1) | 1.000 ** | 0.557 ** | 0.380 * | 1 | ||
Placebo group (T2) | 0.304 | 0.108 | −0.001 | 0.304 | 1 | |
Placebo group (T3) | 0.220 | 0.096 | −0.032 | 0.220 | 0.817 ** | 1 |
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Alam, M.K.; Ganji, K.K.; Meshari, A.; Manay, S.M.; Jamayet, N.B.; Siddiqui, A.A. Pain Management Using Nano-Bio Fusion Gel in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy-Induced Gingivitis: A Split-Mouth Design Study. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311463
Alam MK, Ganji KK, Meshari A, Manay SM, Jamayet NB, Siddiqui AA. Pain Management Using Nano-Bio Fusion Gel in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy-Induced Gingivitis: A Split-Mouth Design Study. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(23):11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311463
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlam, Mohammad Khursheed, Kiran Kumar Ganji, Alreshidi Meshari, Srinivas Munisekhar Manay, Nafij Bin Jamayet, and Ammar A Siddiqui. 2021. "Pain Management Using Nano-Bio Fusion Gel in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy-Induced Gingivitis: A Split-Mouth Design Study" Applied Sciences 11, no. 23: 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311463
APA StyleAlam, M. K., Ganji, K. K., Meshari, A., Manay, S. M., Jamayet, N. B., & Siddiqui, A. A. (2021). Pain Management Using Nano-Bio Fusion Gel in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy-Induced Gingivitis: A Split-Mouth Design Study. Applied Sciences, 11(23), 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311463