An Adaptive Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using AMBTC and Quantization Level Difference
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding (AMBTC)
2.2. AMBTC Scheme of Lin et al.’s Method
Algorithm 1. Hiding strategy of Lin’s method. |
Input: current scenarios |
Output: corresponding pixel value |
cpv corresponding pixel value |
Switch(current scenarios){ |
} |
returncpv; |
3. The Proposed Scheme
3.1. Embedding Phase
3.2. Extraction and Recovery Phase
Algorithm 2. Procedure for calculating the frequency. |
Output: Frequency f |
for i = 0 to k × k − 1. do |
if then |
f = f + 1; |
endif |
j++; |
end for |
4. The Proposed Scheme
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhao, Z.; Luo, H.; Lu, Z.-M.; Pan, J.-S. Reversible data hiding based on multilevel histogram modification and sequential recovery. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2011, 65, 814–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, I.-C.; Hu, Y.-C.; Chen, W.-L.; Lo, C.-C. High capacity reversible data hiding scheme based on residual histogram shift-ing for block truncation coding. Signal Process. 2015, 108, 376–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, P.-H.; Chang, K.-C.; Liu, C.-L. A reversible data hiding scheme for VQ indices using histogram shifting of prediction errors. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2015, 76, 6031–6050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiou, S.; Liao, I.; Hwang, M. A capacity-enhanced reversible data hiding scheme based on SMVQ. Imaging Sci. J. 2011, 59, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nasrabadi, N.M.; King, R.A. Image coding using vector quantization: A review. IEEE Trans. Commun. 1988, 36, 957–971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abdelwahab, A.A.; Hassaan, L.A. A Discrete Wavelet Transform Based Technique for Image Data Hiding. In Proceedings of the 2008 National Radio Science Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Tanta, Egypt, 18–20 March 2008; pp. 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Asmari, A.K.; Salama, A.; Iliyasu, A.M.; Al-Qodah, M.A. A DWT Ordering Scheme for Hiding Data in Images Using Pixel Value Difference. In Proceedings of the IEEE Eighth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS), Guangzhou, China, 17–18 November 2012; pp. 553–557. [Google Scholar]
- Lai, B.-L.; Chang, L.-W. Adaptive data hiding for images based on harr discrete wavelet transform. In Advances in Image and Video Technology; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; pp. 1085–1093. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, Y.-K. A data hiding scheme based upon DCT coefficient modification. Comput. Stand. Interfaces 2014, 36, 855–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alturki, F.T.; Almutairi, A.F.; Mersereauu, R.M. Analysis of blind data hiding using discrete cosine transform phase modula-tion. Signal Process. Image Commun. 2007, 22, 347–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, C.-C.; Lin, C.-C.; Tseng, C.-S.; Tai, W.-L. Reversible hiding in DCT-based compressed images. Inf. Sci. 2007, 177, 2768–2786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delp, E.; Mitchell, O. Image Compression Using Block Truncation Coding. IEEE Trans. Commun. 1979, 27, 1335–1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lema, M.; Mitchell, O. Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding and Its Application to Color Images. IEEE Trans. Commun. 1984, 32, 1148–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, J.-M.; Wu, M.-F. Improved Block Truncation Coding Based on the Void-and-Cluster Dithering Approach. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2009, 18, 211–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, J.-M. Improved block truncation coding using modified error diffusion. Electron. Lett. 2008, 44, 462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, X.; Sun, W. Data Hiding in Block Truncation Coding. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS), New York, NY, USA, 11–14 December 2010; pp. 406–410. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, C. Data hiding based on compressed dithering images. In Advances in Intelligent Information and Database Systems; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; pp. 89–98. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, J.-M.; Liu, Y.-F. High Capacity Data Hiding for Error-Diffused Block Truncation Coding. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 2012, 21, 4808–4818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, F.; Li, X.; Yang, B. Adaptive reversible data hiding scheme based on integer transform. Signal Process. 2012, 92, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Celik, M.; Sharma, G.; Tekalp, A.; Saber, E. Reversible Data Hiding. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), New York, NY, USA, 20 March 2006; Volume 2, p. II-157. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, C.-C.; Lin, C.-Y.; Fan, Y.-H. Lossless data hiding for color images based on block truncation coding. Pattern Recognit. 2008, 41, 2347–2357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.-H.; Lu, Z.-M.; Su, Y.-X. Reversible Data Hiding for Btc-compressed Images Based on Bitplane Flipping and Histogram Shifting of Mean Tables. Inf. Technol. J. 2011, 10, 1421–1426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, W.; Lu, Z.-M.; Wen, Y.-C.; Yu, F.-X.; Shen, R.-J. High performance reversible data hiding for block truncation coding com-pressed images. Signal Image Video Process. 2013, 7, 297–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, C.-C.; Liu, X.-L.; Tai, W.-L.; Yuan, S.-M. A novel reversible data hiding scheme based on AMBTC compression technique. Multimed. Tools Appl. 2013, 74, 3823–3842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tai, W.-L.; Yeh, C.-M.; Chang, C.-C. Reversible Data Hiding Based on Histogram Modification of Pixel Differences. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 2009, 19, 906–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Scenario | Case00 | Case01 | Case10 | Case11 |
---|---|---|---|---|
secret bit | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Bit in bitmap | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Scheme | Lena | F-16 | Sailboat | Girl | Toys | Barbara | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Our scheme | 32.59 | 32.22 | 30.16 | 33.30 | 32.12 | 28.82 | 31.54 |
Lin et al.’s [24] | 33.05 | 31.64 | 30.32 | 33.36 | 30.99 | 28.63 | 31.33 |
Li et al.’s [22] | 32.34 | 31.93 | 30.41 | 33.44 | 31.15 | 28.82 | 31.34 |
Chang et al.’s [21] | Cannot be constructed by the modified code stream | ||||||
Sun et al.’s [23] | Cannot be constructed by the modified code stream |
Scheme | Lena | F-16 | Sailboat | Girl | Toys | Barbara | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Our scheme | 32.59 | 32.22 | 30.16 | 33.30 | 32.12 | 28.82 | 31.54 |
Chiou et al.’s [4] | 31.05 | 30.23 | 28.43 | 31.11 | 28.73 | 25.53 | 29.18 |
Celik et al.’s [20] | 32.54 | 31.33 | 30.41 | 32.76 | 31.15 | 29.82 | 31.34 |
Tai et al.’s [25] | 31.61 | 29.84 | 27.25 | 31.43 | 34.84 | 28.42 | 30.57 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, Y.-H.; Chang, C.-C.; Lin, C.-C.; Wang, Z.-M. An Adaptive Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using AMBTC and Quantization Level Difference. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020635
Chen Y-H, Chang C-C, Lin C-C, Wang Z-M. An Adaptive Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using AMBTC and Quantization Level Difference. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(2):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020635
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yan-Hong, Chin-Chen Chang, Chia-Chen Lin, and Zhi-Ming Wang. 2021. "An Adaptive Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using AMBTC and Quantization Level Difference" Applied Sciences 11, no. 2: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020635
APA StyleChen, Y.-H., Chang, C.-C., Lin, C.-C., & Wang, Z.-M. (2021). An Adaptive Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Using AMBTC and Quantization Level Difference. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020635