Augmenting Black Sheep Neighbour Importance for Enhancing Rating Prediction Accuracy in Collaborative Filtering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. The Proposed Algorithm
- Find users having close/similar tastes with U, by examining the similarity of already submitted ratings in the rDB, to identify U’s near neighbour (NN) users; these users will operate as recommenders to U. Typically, in CF systems, the metrics used to quantify user similarity, is the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and the Cosine Similarity (CS) [55,56], which are expressed as shown in Equations (1) and (2), respectively:
- 2.
- 3.
4. Algorithm Tuning and Experimental Evaluation
- Determine the optimal value of the bsf factor, to tune the proposed algorithm and;
- Evaluate the accuracy of the rating prediction of the proposed algorithm, both when used independently and when combined with a state-of-the-art CF algorithm also aiming at rating prediction accuracy improvement.
4.1. Determining the Algorithm Parameters
- Setting 1:
- Setting 2:
- Setting 3:
- Setting 4:
- Setting 5:
- Setting 6:
- Setting 7:
- low_thr denotes the value below which a rating is considered to be negative; formally, is_negative(rU,i) ⇔ rU,i ≤ low_thr
- high_thr, correspondingly, represents the value above which a rating is considered to be positive. Formally, is_positive(rU,i)⇔rU,i ≥ high_thr
- blackSheepRatings(U,V) is the number of ratings where users U and V both have a positive (or negative) rating, while the user community has a negative (or positive), respectively, rating on the same item. Formally:
- ⚬
- , where UC is the user community, i.e., the set of users in the dataset
- ⚬
- ⚬
- ⚬
- numCommonlyRated(U,V) is the number of items that have been rated by both U and V; formally,
4.2. Rating Prediction Accuracy Improvement Achieved by the Proposed Algorithm
4.3. Combining the Proposed Algorithm with a Second Algorithm Targeting Rating Prediction Accuracy Improvement
4.4. Complexity Analysis of the Proposed Algorithm
5. Conclusion and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dataset Name | #Users | #Items | #Ratings | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amazon “Videogames” | 24 K | 11 K | 232 K | 0.09% |
Amazon “CDs and Vinyl” | 75 K | 64 K | 1.1 M | 0.02% |
Amazon “Movies and TV” | 124 K | 50 K | 1.7 M | 0.03% |
Amazon “Books” | 604 K | 368 K | 8.9 M | 0.004% |
MovieLens “Latest 100K—Recommended for education and development” | 670 | 9 K | 100 K | 1.7% |
NetFlix competition | 480 K | 18 K | 96 M | 1.1% |
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Margaris, D.; Spiliotopoulos, D.; Vassilakis, C. Augmenting Black Sheep Neighbour Importance for Enhancing Rating Prediction Accuracy in Collaborative Filtering. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188369
Margaris D, Spiliotopoulos D, Vassilakis C. Augmenting Black Sheep Neighbour Importance for Enhancing Rating Prediction Accuracy in Collaborative Filtering. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(18):8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188369
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargaris, Dionisis, Dimitris Spiliotopoulos, and Costas Vassilakis. 2021. "Augmenting Black Sheep Neighbour Importance for Enhancing Rating Prediction Accuracy in Collaborative Filtering" Applied Sciences 11, no. 18: 8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188369
APA StyleMargaris, D., Spiliotopoulos, D., & Vassilakis, C. (2021). Augmenting Black Sheep Neighbour Importance for Enhancing Rating Prediction Accuracy in Collaborative Filtering. Applied Sciences, 11(18), 8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188369