Archaeological and Chemical Investigation on the High Imperial Mosaic Floor Mortars of the Domus Integrated in the Museum of Archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Archaeological Background
1.2. The Bracara Augusta Mosaics and the Findings of the Stables Archaeological Site
1.3. The Presence of Marble and Lime in Bracara Augusta
2. Description and Conservation of the Mosaic’s Pavement
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer 1: Nucleus—Opus Signinum (Upper Zone of the Layer) | |||||
Description | Removal depth: ~ 1.0/3.0 cm; color: reddish. | ||||
| | | | | |
Sample | MA2 | MA3 | MB1 | MC1 | MD1 |
Layer 2: Nucleus—Opus Signinum (Lower Zone of the Layer) | |||||
Description | Removal depth: ~3.0/5.0 cm; color: reddish. | ||||
| | | | | |
Sample | MB2 | MC2 | MC3 | MC4 | MD2 |
Layer | Layer 3: Between Nucleus and Rudus | Layer 4: Rudus | Layer 5: Statumen | ||
Description | Removal depth: ~5 cm; color: pinkish | Removal depth: ~5/10 cm; color: brown | Removal depth: ~25/30 cm; color: dark brown | ||
| | | |||
Sample | MA4 | MD3 | MA1 |
Sample | Na2O | MgO | Al2O3 | SiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | Cl | K2O | CaO | TiO2 | MnO | Fe2O3 | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MA2 | 0.34 | 1.10 | 30.93 | 35.42 | 2.98 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 2.60 | 5.11 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 8.38 | 11.24 |
MA3 | 0.30 | 1.16 | 32.49 | 37.07 | 1.50 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 2.68 | 3.65 | 1.30 | 0.07 | 8.48 | 10.62 |
MB1 | 0.27 | 1.35 | 32.68 | 38.53 | 3.45 | 0.86 | 0.04 | 3.43 | 2.14 | 1.35 | 0.13 | 8.62 | 6.93 |
MC1 | 0.33 | 0.97 | 29.27 | 31.87 | 4.64 | 3.82 | 0.11 | 2.46 | 5.48 | 1.12 | 0.10 | 7.58 | 11.96 |
MD1 | 0.43 | 1.11 | 33.02 | 32.90 | 4.57 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 2.76 | 3.85 | 1.27 | 0.11 | 8.63 | 10.53 |
MB2 | 0.18 | 1.28 | 34.97 | 36.16 | 3.46 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 2.86 | 1.52 | 1.37 | 0.09 | 8.91 | 8.59 |
MC2 | 0.26 | 0.99 | 34.09 | 34.63 | 4.35 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 2.52 | 2.41 | 1.22 | 0.17 | 8.09 | 10.63 |
MC3 | 0.22 | 1.14 | 34.03 | 35.65 | 3.87 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 3.35 | 1.46 | 1.62 | 0.10 | 11.07 | 6.84 |
MC4 | 0.19 | 1.35 | 35.93 | 36.42 | 3.50 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 2.70 | 1.70 | 1.28 | 0.16 | 8.50 | 7.78 |
MD2 | 0.43 | 1.47 | 34.08 | 34.91 | 3.39 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 3.26 | 2.41 | 1.38 | 0.08 | 8.69 | 9.22 |
MA4 | 1.11 | 2.25 | 22.27 | 47.31 | 0.74 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 6.70 | 5.60 | 1.37 | 0.10 | 7.01 | 4.83 |
MD3 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 20.71 | 54.06 | 1.98 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 7.07 | 2.01 | 1.22 | 0.07 | 6.22 | 2.76 |
MA1 | 0.23 | 1.56 | 26.11 | 47.56 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 4.73 | 1.11 | 1.54 | 0.13 | 7.80 | 7.77 |
Sample | As | Ba | Br | Co | Cr | Cs | Cu | Ga | Nb | Ni | Pb | Rb | Sn | Sr | Th | V | Zn | Zr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MA2 | 23.1 | 350 | 60.2 | 5.6 | 45.4 | 18.6 | 23.7 | 36.0 | 31.4 | 11.6 | 59 | 270 | 28.4 | 85 | 36.4 | 50.4 | 77 | 300 |
MA3 | 17.3 | 360 | 52.4 | 5.1 | 47.4 | 22.2 | 27.0 | 37.1 | 32.3 | 13.3 | 51 | 250 | 23.2 | 65 | 37.0 | 56.1 | 87 | 300 |
MB1 | 51.9 | 520 | 30.6 | 8.4 | 46.4 | 20.8 | 67.2 | 34.5 | 29.2 | 13.8 | 71 | 290 | 21.0 | 160 | 42.2 | 67.9 | 170 | 340 |
MC1 | 55.6 | 420 | 67.4 | 8.6 | 40.1 | 20.6 | 55.8 | 33.3 | 29.9 | 11.2 | 240 | 240 | 21.9 | 87 | 34.2 | 60.6 | 78 | 250 |
MD1 | 24.9 | 440 | 85.8 | 8.4 | 50.0 | 18.6 | 57.5 | 37.3 | 32.2 | 14.3 | 56 | 250 | 23.6 | 90 | 37.9 | 57.3 | 190 | 280 |
MB2 | 76.6 | 380 | 35.1 | 8.8 | 51.8 | 19.8 | 55.7 | 38.1 | 33.5 | 13.7 | 61 | 260 | 24.4 | 70 | 40.9 | 63.6 | 120 | 310 |
MC2 | 58.5 | 330 | 65.0 | 15.2 | 45.6 | 18.9 | 71.4 | 36.1 | 32.2 | 12.4 | 170 | 250 | 23.6 | 67 | 36.2 | 69.6 | 130 | 270 |
MC3 | 61.5 | 560 | 38.1 | 8.0 | 58.3 | 22.2 | 58.9 | 44.7 | 37.6 | 14.6 | 660 | 290 | 29.6 | 88 | 48.1 | 87.5 | 130 | 400 |
MC4 | 45.7 | 370 | 42.1 | 15.6 | 48.4 | 20.5 | 62.5 | 38.0 | 34.3 | 13.2 | 77 | 250 | 25.1 | 59 | 36.8 | 68.0 | 200 | 300 |
MD2 | 25.3 | 440 | 65.4 | 4.9 | 48.2 | 19.9 | 64.0 | 36.1 | 31.3 | 15.0 | 53 | 270 | 21.3 | 89 | 39.2 | 65.7 | 190 | 340 |
MA4 | 4.9 | 950 | 20.3 | 7.3 | 32.9 | 17.5 | 35.3 | 21.2 | 18.6 | 7.8 | 44 | 380 | 10.5 | 210 | 37.8 | 62.5 | 170 | 450 |
MD3 | 14.4 | 970 | 12.5 | <LOD | 41.0 | 15.0 | 36.8 | 20.1 | 16.0 | 8.6 | 38 | 400 | 10.7 | 260 | 36.5 | 61.8 | 82 | 400 |
MA1 | 42.1 | 560 | 23.4 | 7.3 | 60.9 | 12.5 | 57.8 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 12.1 | 44 | 330 | 9.4 | 92 | 41.7 | 77.2 | 83 | 540 |
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Fragata, A.; Ribeiro, J.; Candeias, C.; Velosa, A.; Rocha, F. Archaeological and Chemical Investigation on the High Imperial Mosaic Floor Mortars of the Domus Integrated in the Museum of Archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178267
Fragata A, Ribeiro J, Candeias C, Velosa A, Rocha F. Archaeological and Chemical Investigation on the High Imperial Mosaic Floor Mortars of the Domus Integrated in the Museum of Archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(17):8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178267
Chicago/Turabian StyleFragata, Ana, Jorge Ribeiro, Carla Candeias, Ana Velosa, and Fernando Rocha. 2021. "Archaeological and Chemical Investigation on the High Imperial Mosaic Floor Mortars of the Domus Integrated in the Museum of Archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal" Applied Sciences 11, no. 17: 8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178267
APA StyleFragata, A., Ribeiro, J., Candeias, C., Velosa, A., & Rocha, F. (2021). Archaeological and Chemical Investigation on the High Imperial Mosaic Floor Mortars of the Domus Integrated in the Museum of Archaeology D. Diogo de Sousa, Braga, Portugal. Applied Sciences, 11(17), 8267. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178267