The Rapid Chloride Migration Test in Assessing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Normal and Lightweight Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Programme
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mixture Composition and Concrete Production
2.3. Specimen Preparation and Test Methods
2.3.1. Curing Procedure
2.3.2. Rapid Chloride Migration Test
2.3.3. Immersion Test
2.3.4. Wetting–Drying Test
2.3.5. Chloride Profiles and Parameter Determination
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of the Type of Binder on the Chloride Penetration Resistance
3.2. Influence of the Type of Aggregate on the Chloride Penetration Resistance
3.3. Overview and Chloride Penetration Resistance Classification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete | Dcl,RCMT (×10−12 m2/s) |
---|---|
Low | >15 |
Moderate | 10–15 |
High | 5–10 |
Very high | 2.5–5 |
Extremely high | <2.5 |
Property | Normal Weight Aggregates | Lightweight Aggregates | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine Gravel | Coarse Gravel 1 | Coarse Gravel 2 | Fine Sand | Coarse Sand | Leca | Stalite | |
Oven-dried particle density (kg/m3) | 2646 | 2683 | 2618 | 2605 | 2617 | 969 | 1483 |
Loose bulk density (kg/m3) | 1309 | 1346 | 1325 | 1569 | 1708 | 632 | 760 |
Absorption at 24 h (%) | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 16.3 | 3.6 |
Granulometric fraction (d/D) | 0/8 | 4/11.2 | 11.2/20 | 0/1 | 0/4 | 4/10 | 8/16 |
Open porosity (%) | - | - | - | - | - | 40.7 | 14.9 |
Property | Cement I 42.5R (CEM I) | Silica Fume (SF) | Fly Ash (FA) | Lime Filler (LF) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 3.08 | 2.21 | 2.32 | 2.69 |
Specific surface (cm2/g) | 4388 | 2730 | 3320 | 7430 |
Loss on ignition (%) | 3.64 | 2.68 | 5.80 | 40.68 |
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 (%) | 18.49 + 4.95 + 3.61 | 94.31 + ND + 0.03 | 50.16 + 25.62 + 7.14 | 5.05 + 1.34 + 0.82 |
CaO + MgO (%) | 63.11 + 1.62 | 4.29 + 0.91 | 2.13 + 0.41 | 50.89 + 0.57 |
Type of Aggregate | Type of Binder | Mineral Addition (wt% of Binder) | w/b | Mbinder (kg/m3) | Vcoarse aggregate (L/m3) | Vsand (L/m3) | Vwater,eff (L/m3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fine Sand | Coarse Sand | |||||||
NWA | CEM I | - | 0.35 | 450 | 436 | 80 | 154 | 157.5 |
CEM II/A-D | 6% SF | 433 | 80 | 153 | ||||
CEM II/A-V | 15% FA | 431 | 80 | 152 | ||||
CEM II/B-V | 30% FA | 419 | 72 | 164 | ||||
CEM II/A-L | 15% LF | 427 | 87 | 153 | ||||
CEM II/B-L | 30% LF | 424 | 80 | 159 | ||||
CEM I | - | 0.45 | 400 | 412 | 106 | 146 | 180 | |
CEM II/A-D | 6% SF | 411 | 106 | 146 | ||||
CEM II/A-V | 15% FA | 408 | 105 | 145 | ||||
CEM II/B-V | 30% FA | 406 | 104 | 144 | ||||
CEM II/A-L | 15% LF | 411 | 104 | 146 | ||||
CEM II/B-L | 30% LF | 409 | 106 | 145 | ||||
CEM I | - | 0.55 | 350 | 401 | 114 | 154 | 192.5 | |
CEM II/A-D | 6% SF | 400 | 113 | 153 | ||||
CEM II/A-V | 15% FA | 399 | 106 | 159 | ||||
CEM II/B-V | 30% FA | 395 | 105 | 158 | ||||
CEM II/A-L | 15% LF | 400 | 107 | 160 | ||||
CEM II/B-L | 30% LF | 399 | 106 | 159 | ||||
Leca | CEM I | - | 0.35 | 450 | 355 | 201 | 114 | 157.5 |
0.45 | 400 | 353 | 186 | 126 | 180 | |||
0.55 | 350 | 355 | 181 | 134 | 192.5 | |||
Stalite | CEM I | - | 0.35 | 450 | 355 | 214 | 100 | 157.5 |
0.45 | 400 | 353 | 213 | 100 | 180 | |||
0.55 | 350 | 355 | 201 | 114 | 192.5 |
Type of Aggregate | Type of Binder | w/b | Compressive Strength at 28 Days (MPa) | Dry Density (kg/m3) | Rapid Chloride Migration Test | Immersion Test | Wetting–Drying Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dcl,RCMT (×10−12 m2/s) | CV (%) | Gjørv [33] Classification | Dcl,IT (×10−12 m2/s) | Cs,IT (wt% Binder) | Kcr,IT (mm/y0.5) | Dcl,WDT (×10−12 m2/s) | Cs,WDT (wt% Binder) | Kcr,WDT (mm/y0.5) | |||||
NWA | CEM I | 0.35 | 77.0 | 2330 | 10.0 | 6 | Moderate | 2.3 | 2.3 | 14.9 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 16.7 |
0.45 | 58.1 | 2270 | 13.5 | 0 | Moderate | 4.2 | 2.4 | 20.6 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 25.0 | ||
0.55 | 47.7 | 2230 | 17.0 | 3 | Low | 5.9 | 3.4 | 27.9 | 6.9 | 3.7 | 31.2 | ||
CEM II/A-D | 0.35 | 78.0 | 2290 | 5.9 | 0 | Very High | 1.3 | 1.6 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 11.2 | |
0.45 | 51.5 | 2220 | 9.0 | 2 | High | 2.7 | 3.3 | 18.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 16.5 | ||
0.55 | 44.5 | 2200 | 14.2 | 4 | Moderate | 5.2 | 3.8 | 27.4 | 8.6 | 5.2 | 38.6 | ||
CEM II/A-V | 0.35 | 63.2 | 2300 | 9.7 | 3 | High | 1.3 | 3.1 | 12.6 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 13.6 | |
0.45 | 49.6 | 2250 | 16.7 | 9 | Low | 2.8 | 4.0 | 20.5 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 18.9 | ||
0.55 | 38.6 | 2230 | 23.3 | 3 | Low | 5.8 | 4.4 | 30.2 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 22.7 | ||
CEM II/B-V | 0.35 | 56.0 | 2270 | 9.7 | 6 | High | 1.2 | 4.3 | 13.5 | 0.9 | 7.6 | 14.1 | |
0.45 | 44.6 | 2250 | 18.5 | 3 | Low | 1.3 | 4.4 | 14.1 | 1.5 | 5.3 | 16.3 | ||
0.55 | 30.7 | 2200 | 25.2 | 5 | Low | 2.2 | 5.1 | 19.4 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 17.2 | ||
CEM II/A-L | 0.35 | 62.0 | 2310 | 12.0 | 4 | Moderate | 3.7 | 2.3 | 18.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 12.8 | |
CEM II/B-L | 0.35 | 53.2 | 2280 | 15.1 | 1 | Low | 15.4 | 1.7 | 33.3 | 6.7 | 2.8 | 27.7 | |
Stalite | CEM I | 0.35 | 66.1 | 1920 | 10.6 | 2 | Moderate | 2.6 | 2.7 | 16.9 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 16.1 |
0.45 | 51.1 | 1820 | 11.8 | 3 | Moderate | 4.1 | 2.2 | 19.6 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 23.2 | ||
0.55 | 41.1 | 1800 | 16.3 | 7 | Low | 4.9 | 3.6 | 25.9 | 6.1 | 4.1 | 30.3 | ||
Leca | CEM I | 0.35 | 35.9 | 1660 | 12.0 | 3 | Moderate | 3.8 | 2.4 | 19.7 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 11.7 |
0.45 | 30.3 | 1620 | 13.6 | 4 | Moderate | 5.9 | 4.6 | 31.0 | 6.6 | 3.1 | 28.7 | ||
0.55 | 26.1 | 1600 | 19.5 | 4 | Low | 10.1 | 5.8 | 43.2 | 10.4 | 6.1 | 44.6 |
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Pontes, J.; Bogas, J.A.; Real, S.; Silva, A. The Rapid Chloride Migration Test in Assessing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Normal and Lightweight Concrete. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 7251. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167251
Pontes J, Bogas JA, Real S, Silva A. The Rapid Chloride Migration Test in Assessing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Normal and Lightweight Concrete. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(16):7251. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167251
Chicago/Turabian StylePontes, Jorge, José Alexandre Bogas, Sofia Real, and André Silva. 2021. "The Rapid Chloride Migration Test in Assessing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Normal and Lightweight Concrete" Applied Sciences 11, no. 16: 7251. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167251