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Volume 11
Issue 14
10.3390/app11146432
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Article

A Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Carbamazepine

by
Luísa Correia-Sá
1,†,
Cristina Soares
1,†,
Olga Matos Freitas
1,
Manuela Maria Moreira
1,
Henri Petrus Antonius Nouws
1,
Manuela Correia
1,
Paula Paíga
1,
António José Rodrigues
2,
Carlos Miguel Oliveira
2,
Sónia Adriana Figueiredo
1,* and
Cristina Delerue-Matos
1
1
REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
2
VentilAQUA, SA, Antanhol, 3040-575 Coimbra, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6432; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146432
Submission received: 4 May 2021 / Revised: 16 June 2021 / Accepted: 3 July 2021 / Published: 12 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment and Waste Remediation: Recent Advances)
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Abstract

The scientific community is increasingly concerned about the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, which is a consequence of their high consumption and inefficient removal by wastewater-treatment plants. The search for an effective and sustainable tertiary treatment is therefore needed to enhance their removal. For this purpose, the combination of electrochemical and adsorption processes into three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical systems has been proposed. In this study, a 3D system was studied to remove carbamazepine, an antiepileptic, consumed in high doses and very persistent in the environment. The influences of the following parameters on its removal were evaluated: anode and cathode materials and distance between them, electrolyte (NaCl) concentration and pH, and the (carbon-based) adsorbent material used as the particulate electrode. The obtained results demonstrated that the introduction of the particulate electrode improved the removal efficiency. This can be attributed to the simultaneous occurrence of different phenomena, such as adsorption/electrosorption, electrocoagulation, oxidation, and catalytic degradation.
Keywords: adsorption; advanced oxidation techniques; biochar; pharmaceuticals; stainless steel cathode; mixed metal oxide anode; wastewater treatment adsorption; advanced oxidation techniques; biochar; pharmaceuticals; stainless steel cathode; mixed metal oxide anode; wastewater treatment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Correia-Sá, L.; Soares, C.; Freitas, O.M.; Moreira, M.M.; Nouws, H.P.A.; Correia, M.; Paíga, P.; Rodrigues, A.J.; Oliveira, C.M.; Figueiredo, S.A.; et al. A Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Carbamazepine. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146432

AMA Style

Correia-Sá L, Soares C, Freitas OM, Moreira MM, Nouws HPA, Correia M, Paíga P, Rodrigues AJ, Oliveira CM, Figueiredo SA, et al. A Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Carbamazepine. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(14):6432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146432

Chicago/Turabian Style

Correia-Sá, Luísa, Cristina Soares, Olga Matos Freitas, Manuela Maria Moreira, Henri Petrus Antonius Nouws, Manuela Correia, Paula Paíga, António José Rodrigues, Carlos Miguel Oliveira, Sónia Adriana Figueiredo, and et al. 2021. "A Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Carbamazepine" Applied Sciences 11, no. 14: 6432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146432

APA Style

Correia-Sá, L., Soares, C., Freitas, O. M., Moreira, M. M., Nouws, H. P. A., Correia, M., Paíga, P., Rodrigues, A. J., Oliveira, C. M., Figueiredo, S. A., & Delerue-Matos, C. (2021). A Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Process for the Removal of Carbamazepine. Applied Sciences, 11(14), 6432. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146432

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