Polymeric Coatings for AR-Glass Fibers in Cement-Based Matrices: Effect of Nanoclay on the Fiber-Matrix Interaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fibers
2.2. Coating Preparation and Characterization
- First, 2.5 g of nano-clay particles were slowly added to 50 mL distilled water in a 100 mL round flask under vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred for about 5 min and then was placed in an ultrasonic bath at 40 °C for 1 h.
- The mixture was then refluxed for 3 h at 80 °C until a homogeneous dispersion was obtained. Once the dispersion was cooled down, it was filtered with a 14–19 μm filter in order to remove possible agglomerated particles. In order to exclude the presence of agglomerates, the particles size distribution of the nanoclay in the aqueous dispersion was analyzed with Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS Particle and ZetaPotential Analyzer. The distribution obtained was found equal to that reported in the technical sheet for CloisiteNa, which indicates that the nanoclays were well dispersed;
- The nanoclay dispersion was stirred for 15 min with the SB latex and distilled water. The proportion between nanoclay dispersion (MMTD), SB latex (SB), and distilled water (HO) was calculated as follows: first, the amount of SB latex and MMTD dispersion were determined according to Equations (1) and (2), and then the obtained dispersion was diluted with distilled water in order to obtain a final solid content of 20% (Equation (3)).
- x is the polymer solid fraction in the SB-MMT coating;
- SBMMT is the desired amount of SB-MMT coating expressed in gram;
- scSBC is the SB latex solid content determined according to DIN EN ISO 3251;
- scMMTD is the solid content of the MMTD dispersion determined according to DIN EN ISO 3251.
2.3. Cementitious Matrix
- CEM II/B-LL 42.5 R—165 kg/m;
- CEM II/B-LL 32.5 R—83 kg/m;
- Hydrated lime—110 kg/m;
- Calcium carbonate 600—206 kg/m;
- Calcium carbonate 400—715 kg/m;
- Vac/VeVa/E—21 kg/m.
2.4. Single Fiber Pull-Out Test
2.5. Hydration Products
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Coatings Nanostructure
3.2. Fiber Surface Morphology
3.3. Single Fiber Tensile Strength
3.4. Formation of Hydration Products
3.5. Fiber Matrix Interaction
4. Conclusions
- The dispersion quality of nanoclay particles in the coating can be affected by further ingredients, as it was observed in this work for the cross linking agent.
- The single fiber tensile strength is mainly depending on the silane treatment; no positive effect was arising from the nanoclay containing polymer coatings.
- The silane-treated fibers (PTMO) display higher IFSS but lower W. This indicates that the PTMO fibers have a high interfacial adhesion due to the chemical bonding with the matrix. However, the resulting force drop after reaching F indicates only minor fiber-matrix interaction during further pull-out; hence, brittle failure occurs.
- The application of a coating increases the friction between the fiber and the matrix resulting in higher pull-out work.
- For both SB and CSB coatings, the addition of MMT particles produced an increase of the IFSS and the pull-out work. This can be attributed to a better interaction with the cementitious matrix and to the ability of nanoclay particles to work as nucleating species for the formation of hydration products.
- The increase of the polymer roughness did not lead to an increase of the pull-out load. This suggests that the modification of the chemical characteristics have a major impact on the interaction with the cementitious matrix.
- According to the results presented, the main benefit obtained from the dispersion of nanoclay particles in the coating consists in providing a better interaction based on chemical bonding in combination with improved mechanical interlocking. However, the potential, in terms of durability and mechanical performances, of engineering the fiber-matrix interface with a nanostructured coating are much greater. Further studies are certainly needed to better explore the applications of this technology. Particularly, future works should focus on the improvement of the coating in order to obtain a better dispersion of the nanoclay particles in the polymer. For this purpose, different protocols for the preparation of the coating can be considered. In addition, the possibility to use other polymers and nanoclay particles can be examined. Moreover, the optimal amount of nanoclay dispersed in the coating should be defined. Finally, the results obtained on a microscale should be confirmed by investigation conducted on a macroscale.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FRCM | Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix |
TRC | Textile Reinforced Concrete |
AR-Glass | Alkali Resistant Glass |
AFM | Atomic Force Microscopy |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
SEM-EDX | Scanning Electron Microscope—Energy-Dispersive X-ray |
IFSS | Interfacial Shear Strength |
SFPO | Single Fiber Pull-out |
MMT | Montmorillonite |
XRD | X-ray Diffraction |
IPF | Institut für Polymerforschung |
SB | Styrene-Butadiene |
RH | Relative Humidity |
PLS | Polymer Layered Silicate |
VAc/VeVa/E | Vinyl acetate/vinyl esther of versatic acid/ethylene |
Diffraction angle | |
wave length of the X-ray radiation | |
d | layered silicate interlayer |
R | average roughness |
R | square roughness |
R | maximum roughness |
F | maximum pull-out force |
W | total pull-out work |
fiber diameter | |
embedded fiber length |
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Sample Name | Sizing (1st Treatment Step) | Coating (2nd Treatment Step) |
---|---|---|
PTMO | 1% N-propyltrimethoxysilane (PTMO) in distilled water | none |
SB | 1% 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (AMEO) in distilled water | self-crosslinking styrene-butadiene copolymer (SB) |
CSB | 1% AMEO in distilled water | SB + 7% crosslinking agent (C) |
SB-MMT | 1% AMEO in distilled water | SB + 5% montmorillonite (MMT) |
CSB-MMT | 1% AMEO in distilled water | CSB + 5% MMT |
Fiber Type | R [nm] | R [nm] | R [nm] |
---|---|---|---|
SB | 2.27 ± 0.29 | 3.33 ± 0.4 | 38.88 ± 32.34 |
SB-MMT | 11.90 ± 1.17 | 16.91 ± 1.61 | 160 ± 19.65 |
CSB | 2.46 ± 1.03 | 3.66 ± 1.91 | 46.05 ± 30.96 |
CSB-MMT | 1.92 ± 0.5 | 3.70 ± 1.22 | 107.20 ± 26.93 |
Sample | Young’s Modulus [MPa] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Strain at Break [%] |
---|---|---|---|
unsized | 76.14 ± 2.5 | 1018.48 ± 379.23 | 1.51 ± 0.58 |
PTMO | 76.16 ± 1.00 | 1534.47 ± 433.88 | 2.35 ± 0.71 |
SB-MMT | 76.34 ± 0.85 | 1520.79 ± 392.86 | 2.29 ± 0.62 |
CSB | 77.06 ± 0.89 | 1578.88 ± 371.82 | 2.35 ± 0.58 |
Sample Name | IFSS [MPa] | W [mN*mm] | [mm] |
---|---|---|---|
PTMO | 4.2 ± 2.4 | 15.2 ± 7.6 | 663 ± 245 |
SB | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 25.3 ± 5.6 | 894 ± 163 |
CSB | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 20.3 ± 7.5 | 847 ± 106 |
SB-MMT | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 28.8 ± 10.1 | 782 ± 117 |
CSB-MMT | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 34.4 ± 11.3 | 883 ± 62 |
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Bompadre, F.; Scheffler, C.; Utech, T.; Donnini, J. Polymeric Coatings for AR-Glass Fibers in Cement-Based Matrices: Effect of Nanoclay on the Fiber-Matrix Interaction. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5484. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125484
Bompadre F, Scheffler C, Utech T, Donnini J. Polymeric Coatings for AR-Glass Fibers in Cement-Based Matrices: Effect of Nanoclay on the Fiber-Matrix Interaction. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(12):5484. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125484
Chicago/Turabian StyleBompadre, Francesca, Christina Scheffler, Toni Utech, and Jacopo Donnini. 2021. "Polymeric Coatings for AR-Glass Fibers in Cement-Based Matrices: Effect of Nanoclay on the Fiber-Matrix Interaction" Applied Sciences 11, no. 12: 5484. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125484