A Preliminary Study on Effects of Fermented Feed Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers during the Early and Late Fattening Period
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Crops and Silage Production with Lactic Acid Bacteria
2.2. Fermented Feed Preparation
2.3. Animal and Experimental Design
2.4. Nutrient Profiles of RICE Straw and Silages
2.5. Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality
2.6. Investigation of Fatty Acid
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Nutrient Compositions
3.2. Growth Performance
3.3. Carcass and Meat Quality Characteristics
3.4. Fatty Acid Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item (% DM) | Rice Straw | IRG Silage | WCC Silage |
---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (DM) | 88.50 ± 0.40 | 65.04 ± 0.84 | 68.04 ± 0.34 |
Crude protein (CP) | 4.40 ± 0.05 | 8.40 ± 0.13 | 8.69 ± 0.50 |
Acid detergent fiber (ADF) | 42.10 ± 0.19 | 39.41 ± 0.43 | 31.20 ± 2.29 |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | 69.09 ± 0.12 | 66.85 ± 0.43 | 46.82 ± 2.12 |
Total digestible nutrient (TDN) | 55.65 ± 0.15 | 57.77 ± 0.34 | 68.06 ± 0.97 |
Concentrate Feed | (DM %) | Fermented Feed (FF) | (DM %) |
---|---|---|---|
Ingredients | Ingredients | ||
Corn grain | 27.47 | Cornflake | 73.50 |
Wheat grain | 17.00 | Corn gluten feed | 10.00 |
Cane molasses | 5.00 | Distillers dried grains | 5.00 |
Tapioca | 6.00 | Rice bran | 10.00 |
Wheat flour | 3.00 | Probiotics | 0.10 |
Corn gluten feed | 20.00 | – | – |
Rapeseed meal | 4.00 | – | – |
Palm kernel meal | 8.82 | – | – |
Cottonseed hull | 1.00 | – | – |
Tallow | 0.62 | – | – |
Salt dehydrated | 0.50 | – | – |
Limestone (1 mm) | 1.96 | Limestone (1 mm) | 1.40 |
Vitamin premix a | 0.10 | Vitamin premix c | 0.10 |
Mineral premix b | 0.10 | – | |
Chemical Compositions | Chemical Compositions | ||
Dry matter (DM) | 88.68 | Dry matter (DM) | 73.5 |
Crude protein (CP) | 12.90 | Crude protein (CP) | 11.25 |
Ether extract | 3.76 | Ether extract | 6.59 |
Crude fiber | 6.10 | Crude fiber | 3.68 |
Calcium | 0.91 | Calcium | 0.03 |
Phosphorous | 0.41 | Phosphorous | 0.36 |
Crude ash | 6.62 | Crude ash | 2.07 |
Acid detergent fiber (ADF) | 22.50 | Acid detergent fiber (ADF) | 2.93 |
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | 35.50 | Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | 14.60 |
Total digestible nutrient (TDN) | 73.00 | Total digestible nutrient (TDN) | 86.69 |
Items | Early Fattening Period | Late Fattening Period | Total Period | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON 1 | T 2 | SEM 3 | p-Value | CON | T | SEM | p-Value | CON | T | SEM 3 | p-Value | |
IBW (kg) | 376.4 | 415.0 | 11.50 | 0.26 | 575.8 | 624.4 | 1.47 | 0.03 | 376.4 | 415.0 | 11.5 | 0.26 |
FBW (kg) | 538.8 | 595.1 | 14.80 | 0.04 | 696.0 | 751.6 | 17.4 | 0.03 | 696.0 | 751.6 | 17.40 | 0.03 |
ADG (kg) | 0.83 | 0.93 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.22 |
Feed intake (kg) | 11.50 | 16.29 | 0.73 | – | 14.36 | 17.79 | 0.54 | – | 12.93 | 17.04 | 0.49 | – |
Concentrate (kg) | 8 | – | – | – | 12.57 | 6.43 | – | – | 10.29 | 3.21 | – | – |
Rice straw (kg) | 3.5 | – | – | – | 1.79 | 0.79 | – | – | 2.64 | 0.39 | – | – |
IRG silage (kg) | – | 3 | – | – | – | 1.29 | – | – | – | 2.14 | – | – |
WCC silage (kg) | – | 5.86 | – | – | – | 0.43 | – | – | – | 3.14 | – | – |
Fermented feed (kg) | – | 7.43 | – | – | – | 8.86 | – | – | – | 8.14 | – | – |
FCR | 15.83 | 18.55 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 23.27 | 24.18 | 1.61 | 0.56 | 20.51 | 19.18 | 0.64 | 0.59 |
Items | CON 1 | T 2 | SEM 3 | 4p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carcass characteristics | ||||
Carcass weight (kg) | 401.80 | 444.00 | 12.9 | 0.02 |
Backfat thickness (mm) | 10.00 | 13.20 | 0.9 | 0.18 |
Ribeye area (cm2) | 87.60 | 91.00 | 2.1 | 0.05 |
Dressing percent (%) | 59.80 | 61.80 | 0.8 | 0.24 |
Quantity grade 5 | 67.00 | 64.60 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
Quality traits | ||||
Marbling score 6 | 4.60 | 5.00 | 0.7 | 0.52 |
Lean color 7 | 5.00 | 4.80 | 0.1 | 0.51 |
Fat color 8 | 3.00 | 2.80 | 0.1 | 0.51 |
Texture 9 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 0.2 | 0.13 |
Mature 10 | 2.00 | 2.40 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Quality grade 11 | 4.00 | 4.40 | 0.3 | 0.57 |
Total price (KRW/steer) | 8,863,074 | 8,459,352 | 31,782 | 0.05 |
Items | CON 1 | T 2 | SEM 3 | 4p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical compositions | ||||
Moisture (%) | 62.23 | 64.00 | 0.89 | 0.30 |
Crude fat (%) | 14.38 | 14.34 | 1.18 | 0.47 |
Crude protein (%) | 20.81 | 20.98 | 0.39 | 0.80 |
Ash (%) | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.02 | 0.32 |
Meat qualities | ||||
Cooking loss (%) | 19.89 | 19.63 | 0.67 | 0.50 |
Shear force (kg) | 4.43 | 3.12 | 0.43 | 0.59 |
Water holding capacity (%) | 56.80 | 57.17 | 0.52 | 0.39 |
pH | 5.51 | 5.51 | 0.03 | 0.19 |
Surface color | ||||
CIE L * | 39.07 | 38.49 | 0.65 | 0.99 |
a * | 24.08 | 21.94 | 0.72 | 0.67 |
b * | 11.50 | 9.83 | 0.52 | 0.66 |
Hunter L * | 32.71 | 32.21 | 0.57 | 0.99 |
a * | 19.24 | 17.35 | 0.68 | 0.76 |
b * | 7.40 | 6.36 | 0.35 | 0.72 |
Sensory evaluation | ||||
Color | 3.33 | 3.81 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
Aroma | 3.38 | 3.16 | 0.13 | 0.41 |
Juiciness | 3.56 | 3.80 | 0.11 | 0.26 |
Texture | 3.48 | 3.88 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
Overall acceptability | 3.47 | 3.81 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Items | CON 1 | T 2 | SEM 3 | 4p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
C14:0 (myristic) | 3.12 | 2.8 | 0.12 | 0.87 |
C16:0 (palmitic) | 28.02 | 28.29 | 0.43 | 0.42 |
C16:1n-7 (palmitoleic) | 4.91 | 4.31 | 0.18 | 0.31 |
C18:0 (stearic) | 11.91 | 11.79 | 0.42 | 0.98 |
C18:1n-9 (oleic) | 49.19 | 49.92 | 0.57 | 0.39 |
C18:3n-6 (γ-linolenic) | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
C18:2n-6 (linoleic) | 2.04 | 1.98 | 0.11 | 0.51 |
C18:3n-3 (α-linolenic) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
C20:1n-9 (eicosanoic) | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.04 | 0.76 |
C20:4n-6 (arachidonic) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.97 |
Saturated fatty acid (SFA) | 43.05 | 42.88 | 0.49 | 0.55 |
Unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) | 56.95 | 59.12 | 0.49 | 0.55 |
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) | 54.61 | 54.83 | 0.55 | 0.48 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) | 2.34 | 2.30 | 0.14 | 0.63 |
ω3 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
ω6 | 2.23 | 2.17 | 0.13 | 0.65 |
ω6/ω3 | 20.92 | 16.69 | 0.98 | 0.46 |
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Kim, D.; Jung, J.-S.; Choi, K.-C. A Preliminary Study on Effects of Fermented Feed Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers during the Early and Late Fattening Period. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115202
Kim D, Jung J-S, Choi K-C. A Preliminary Study on Effects of Fermented Feed Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers during the Early and Late Fattening Period. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115202
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Dahye, Jeong-Sung Jung, and Ki-Choon Choi. 2021. "A Preliminary Study on Effects of Fermented Feed Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Hanwoo Steers during the Early and Late Fattening Period" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115202