Dye Removal from Colored Textile Wastewater Using Seeds and Biochar of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Characterization of BS-HVL and BC-HVL
2.3. Adsorption Process
2.3.1. Adsorption Kinetics
- qe is the amount adsorbed at equilibrium (mg g−1),
- qt is the quantity adsorbed at time t (mg g−1),
- KS1 is the rate constant of first order sorption (min−1),
- Ki is the intraparticle diffusion rate constant,
- The value of the ordinate at the origin C provides an indication of the thickness of the boundary layer,
- K2 (g mg−1.min−1) is the adsorption rate,
- α is the initial adsorption capacity (mg g−1 min),
- β is the desorption constant (g mg−1),
- t is the time (min).
2.3.2. Adsorption Isotherm
- C0 is the initial concentration of the adsorbate (mg L−1),
- KL is the Langmuir constant (L mg−1),
- RL > 1 indicates that the adsorption is unfavorable,
- RL = 1 indicates that the adsorption is linear,
- 0 < RL < 1 indicates that the adsorption is favorable,
- RL = 0 indicates that the adsorption is irreversible.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Interpretation of Analysis
3.2. Effect of pH on the Adsorption Capacity of X-PR and MGC
3.3. Effect of the Adsorbent Dose on the Adsorption Capacity of X-PR and MGC
3.4. Effect of Initial Concentration
3.5. Effect of Contact Time
3.6. Adsorption Kinetics
3.7. Adsorption Isotherms
3.8. Statistical Analysis
3.9. Comparison of Adsorption Capacity with Various Adsorbents
3.10. Adsorption Thermodynamics Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Models | BS-HVL | BC-HVL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X-PR | MGC | X-PR | MGC | ||
Pseudo-first-order | R2 | 0.9179 | 0.9546 | 0.9127 | 0.9333 |
K1 (min−1) | 0.045 | 0.0565 | 0.0401 | 0.0551 | |
qe (mg g−1) | 44.7817 | 72.3633 | 40.8007 | 66.4201 | |
Pseudo-second-order | R2 | 0.9379 | 0.9969 | 0.9647 | 0.9692 |
K2 (g mg−1 min−1) | 0.0005 | 0.0011 | 0.0006 | 0.0007 | |
qe (mg g−1) | 61.7283 | 54.0540 | 41.6667 | 41.8410 | |
Elovich | R2 | 0.9101 | 0.9742 | 0.9429 | 0.9341 |
α (mg g−1 min−1) | 3.6528 | 7.8653 | 2.1251 | 2.6571 | |
β (g mg−1) | 0.0674 | 0.0913 | 0.1071 | 0.1073 | |
Intraparticle diffusion | R2 | 0.7969 | 0.9191 | 0.9519 | 0.9306 |
Ki (mg g−1 min0.5) | 4.2488 | 3.2554 | 2.8709 | 3.3419 | |
C (mg g−1) | 5.3228 | 14.733 | 1.0959 | 3.3419 |
Models | Constants | BS-HVL | BC-HVL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X-PR | MGC | X-PR | MGC | ||
Langmuir | R2 | 0.9954 | 0.8953 | 0.6271 | 0.8954 |
RL | 0.1862–0.6958 | 0.0089–0.0823 | 0.0405–0.2968 | 0.0099–0.9091 | |
KL (L mg−1) | 0.0437 | 1.115 | 0.2369 | 1 | |
qm (mg g−1) | 71.642 | 50 | 44.843 | 121.95 | |
Freundlich | R2 | 0.9954 | 0.977 | 0.7529 | 0.9927 |
KF (L mg−1) | 4.4017 | 5.1908 | 13.5637 | 6.2883 | |
n | 0.9975 | 0.9876 | 3.5385 | 0.8011 | |
Temkin | R2 | 0.8793 | 0.9195 | 0.5801 | 0.9441 |
KT (L mg−1) | 0.1074 | 0.1117 | 0.1104 | 0.6773 | |
B1 (J mol−1) | 7.498 | 6.427 | 6.6877 | 45.011 | |
b | 325.3889 | 380.1369 | 365.3184 | 54.2787 | |
Dubinin– Radushkevich | R2 | 0.6943 | 0.7648 | 0.4148 | 0.8968 |
Kad (mol2 KJ−2) | 20 × 10−5 | 30 × 10−5 | 0.04 × 10−5 | 1 × 10−5 | |
E (KJ mol−1) | 15.8114 | 12.9099 | 35.3563 | 70.7108 | |
qm (mg g−1) | 11.5802 | 10.7124 | 31.5004 | 71.715 |
Type of Analysis | Parameter Study | Type of Sample | Mean | Std. Error | 95% Confidence Interval | Test ANOVA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | F | Sig. | |||||
Effect of pH on the adsorption capacity of X-PR and MGC | Adsorption capacity, X-PR, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 30.737 | 2.244 | 24.966 | 36.5080 | 19.735 | 0.001 S |
BC-HVL | 14.918 | 2.764 | 7.812 | 22.023 | ||||
Adsorption capacity, MGC, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 22.690 | 4.104 | 12.139 | 33.241 | 1.784 | 0.211 NS | |
BC-HVL | 16.011 | 2.855 | 8.670 | 23.353 | ||||
Effect of adsorbent dose on adsorption yield of X-PR and MGC | Adsorption yield, X-PR, (%) | BS-HVL | 46.300 | 5.621 | 33.58 | 59.02 | 0.360 | 0.556 NS |
BC-HVL | 42.100 | 4.165 | 32.68 | 51.52 | ||||
Adsorption yield, MGC, (%) | BS-HVL | 63.300 | 8.013 | 45.17 | 81.43 | 0.034 | 0.855 NS | |
BC-HVL | 61.200 | 8.023 | 43.05 | 79.35 | ||||
Effect of concentration on the adsorption capacity of X-PR and MGC | Adsorption capacity, X-PR, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 51.578 | 9.270 | 22.284 | 80.871 | 3.537 | 0.076 NS |
BC-HVL | 31.897 | 4.872 | 16.498 | 47.295 | ||||
Adsorption capacity, MGC, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 46.072 | 7.715 | 21.691 | 70.452 | 0.105 | 0.749 NS | |
BC-HVL | 49.859 | 8.774 | 22.131 | 77.587 | ||||
Effect of contact time on adsorption capacity of X-PR and MGC | Adsorption capacity, X-PR, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 37.920 | 3.669 | 26.323 | 49.517 | 13.670 | 0.001 S |
BC-HVL | 23.250 | 2.333 | 15.875 | 30.625 | ||||
Adsorption capacity, MGC, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 39.750 | 2.655 | 31.358 | 48.142 | 20.278 | 0.000 S | |
BC-HVL | 25.33 | 2.330 | 17.965 | 32.695 | ||||
Effect of temperature on adsorption of X-PR and MGC | Adsorption capacity, X-PR, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 43.02 | 1.098 | 39.548 | 46.492 | 13.003 | 0.011 S |
BC-HVL | 49.3135 | 0.10 | 48.966 | 49.660 | ||||
Adsorption capacity, MGC, (mg g−1) | BS-HVL | 32.87 | 1.158 | 29.210 | 36.530 | 75.522 | 0.000 S | |
BC-HVL | 48.8510 | 0.115 | 48.484 | 49.217 |
Adsorbate | Adsorbent Pollutants | Dose (mg) | C0 (mg L−1) | pH | Kinetic | Isotherm | qm (mg g−1) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc oxide loaded activated char (ZnO-AC) | OG Rh-b | 8–30 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 153.8 128.2 | [5] |
Rice straw (RS) biochar Wood chip (WC) biochar | CV-CR | 01 | 500 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 620.3 195.6 | [31] |
Charcoal (tree branches) (BCA-TiO2) | MB Cd2+ | ** ** | 0.4 600 | 7 8 | Pseudo-second-order | ** | 200 250 | [32] |
Sulfonated peanut shell (PNS-SO3H) | MB TC | 20 | 900 ppm | 10 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 1250 303 | [33,34] |
Shrimp shell (SS) Coal acid mine drainage (AMD) | Mn Fe | ** | ≤1 ≤15 | 6–9 5–9 | Pseudo-second-order | Frendlich | 17.43 3.87 | [35] |
Coal fly ash (CFA) | MG RG | 40 30 | 100 ppm | 8 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 233.3 381.7 | [36] |
Biomass CLS Biochar (BCCLS) | RR-23 | 50 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 62.5 166.67 | [37] |
Biomass CLSh Biochar (BCCLSh) | RR-23 | 50 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 90.91 354.82 | [24] |
Biochar BC CLS Biochar (BCCLSh) | AO-52 | 50 | 300 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 333.33 500 | [22] |
Silica-Chitosan Composite | RR-23 RB19 | 40 | 60 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 128.2 156.25 | [38] |
Chitosan Composite MCs/MS | RR-23 RB19 Fe2+ | 70 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir Frendlich Frendlich | 71.94 175.44 62.11 | [23] |
Activated Carbon derived from Phragmites Australis | MO MV | 50 50 | 500 400 | ** | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 238.11 476.19 | [39] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | MO | 200 mg L−1 | 10 | ** | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir | 55.2 | [40] |
Carbon of Quercus Brantii (Oak) | ACT IBP | 1 g L−1 | 100 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Freundlich | 45.45 96.15 | [41] |
BS−HVL | X−PR | 50 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Langmuir-Freundlich | 71.642 | This work |
BS−HVL | MGC | 50 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Freundlich | 44.843 | |
BS−HVL | X−PR | 50 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Freundlich | 44.843 | |
BS−HVL | MGC | 50 | 50 | 7 | Pseudo-second-order | Freundlich | 121.95 |
Parameters | BS-HVL | BC-HVL | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X-PR | MGC | X-PR | MGC | ||
ΔH° (kJ mol−1) | 23.55 | 12.757 | 21.179 | 13.386 | |
ΔS° (J mol−1 K−1) | 90.797 | 46.074 | 103.734 | 74.759 | |
ΔG° (kJ mol−1) | T = 294 K | −27.034 | −13.533 | −30.477 | −21.966 |
T= 303 K | −27.942 | −13.948 | −31.410 | −22.639 | |
T= 323 K | −29.758 | −14.869 | −33.485 | −24.134 | |
T= 343 K | −30.666 | −15.791 | −35.560 | −25.629 |
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Mansouri, F.E.; Farissi, H.E.; Zerrouk, M.H.; Cacciola, F.; Bakkali, C.; Brigui, J.; Lovillo, M.P.; Esteves da Silva, J.C.G. Dye Removal from Colored Textile Wastewater Using Seeds and Biochar of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115125
Mansouri FE, Farissi HE, Zerrouk MH, Cacciola F, Bakkali C, Brigui J, Lovillo MP, Esteves da Silva JCG. Dye Removal from Colored Textile Wastewater Using Seeds and Biochar of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115125
Chicago/Turabian StyleMansouri, Fouad El, Hammadi El Farissi, Mohamed Hassani Zerrouk, Francesco Cacciola, Chaimae Bakkali, Jamal Brigui, Miguel Palma Lovillo, and Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva. 2021. "Dye Removal from Colored Textile Wastewater Using Seeds and Biochar of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115125