Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Tetrabutylammonium Acrylate Hydrate as Phase Change Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Apparatus
2.3. Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The System without Any External Forces (Static System)
3.2. In the System with Mechanical Agitation
3.3. In the System Using an Ultrasonic Transducer
3.4. Comparison in All Systems
3.5. For Industrial Utilizing of TBAAc Hydrate as PCM
3.6. The Evaluation of the Heat Exchanger
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Chemical Formula | Supplier | Purity |
---|---|---|---|
Tetrabuthylammonium hydroxide | (CH3CH2CH2CH2)4NOH | Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC | 0.40 mass fraction in aqueous solution |
Acrylic acid | CH2=CHCOOH | Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC | 0.99 mass fraction in liquid reagent |
Tetrabuthylammonium Acrylate | (CH3CH2CH2CH2)4NOOCHC=CH2 | Laboratory made from above solution | 0.36 mass fraction in aqueous solution after the neutralization process The standard uncertainty of mass fraction was ± 1.0×10−4 |
Water | H2O | Laboratory made | Electrical conductivity was less than 0.1 μS/cm |
Parameter | |
---|---|
Density, (Water) | 999.8 kg/m3 |
Volumetric flow rate, (Water) | 8.3 × 10−5 m3/s |
Specific heat at constant pressure, (Water) | 4.20 kJ/(kg K) |
Density, (PCM) | 1.0 kg/m3 |
Specific heat at constant pressure, (PCM) | 4.20 kJ/(kg K) |
Target | Static System | Agitated System | Ultrasonic Vibrated System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 rpm | 300 rpm | 600 rpm | 28 kHz | 56 kHz | ||
100 MJ/m3 Achieved time/h | - | 5.1 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 5.8 | 5.8 |
140 MJ/m3 Achieved time/h | - | - | 5.9 | 2.9 | - | - |
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Kiyokawa, H.; Tokutomi, H.; Ishida, S.; Nishi, H.; Ohmura, R. Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Tetrabutylammonium Acrylate Hydrate as Phase Change Materials. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4848. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114848
Kiyokawa H, Tokutomi H, Ishida S, Nishi H, Ohmura R. Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Tetrabutylammonium Acrylate Hydrate as Phase Change Materials. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4848. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114848
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiyokawa, Hitoshi, Hiroki Tokutomi, Shinichi Ishida, Hiroaki Nishi, and Ryo Ohmura. 2021. "Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Tetrabutylammonium Acrylate Hydrate as Phase Change Materials" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4848. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114848