Influence of Laboratory Compaction Method on Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Unbound and Cement-Bound Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compaction Characteristics
3.2. Strength Characteristics
4. Conclusions
- There is strong correlation between the compaction and strength characteristics obtained in laboratory conditions using the modified Proctor and vibrating hammer compaction methods for natural aggregate mixtures.
- A greater drop in the compaction characteristics for rubber mixtures and the use of the Proctor compaction method lead to the conclusion that the laboratory compaction method should be chosen carefully if alternative materials such as waste rubber are used.
- For higher cement content mixtures, a higher OMC difference depending on the laboratory compaction method used is observed and the laboratory compaction method should be chosen carefully, particularly if moisture-susceptible materials are used.
- Comparing the compaction effects (MDD, OMC and density), it can be observed that approximately the same compaction energy was applied using both compaction methods. However, calculation of the compaction energy using a vibrating hammer is more difficult than for the Proctor test, and it should be investigated in more detail. Further research should provide an additional insight into the comparability of the vibrating hammer and standard Proctor tests, applying less compaction energy than the modified Proctor test used in this research.
- The choice of laboratory compaction method should be made carefully depending on the specific behaviour of materials used and the expected field conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Boards Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix | 0%C | 3%C | 5%C | 7%C | 5%C + 20%R | 5%C + 30%R | 5%C + 60%R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement [vol.%] | 0 | 2.78 | 4.56 | 6.26 | 4.56 | 4.56 | 4.56 |
0–2 mm [vol.%] | 19.60 | 23.61 | 23.18 | 22.77 | 18.54 | 16.23 | 9.27 |
0–4 mm [vol.%] | 38.00 | 22.87 | 22.46 | 22.06 | 22.46 | 22.46 | 22.46 |
4–8 mm [vol.%] | 32.00 | 25.69 | 25.21 | 24.76 | 25.21 | 25.21 | 25.21 |
8–16 mm [vol.%] | 10.40 | 25.05 | 24.59 | 24.15 | 24.59 | 24.59 | 24.59 |
Rubber [vol.%] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.64 | 6.95 | 13.91 |
Mix volume [%] | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
0%C | 3%C | 5%C | 7%C | 5%C + 20%R | 5%C + 30%R | 5%C + 60%R | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OMC [%] | 4.79/4.72 | 4.91/5.15 | 5.35/5.87 | 5.53/6.10 | 5.32/5.53 | 5.21/5.13 | 4.94/4.94 |
MDD [g/cm3] | 2.01/1.97 | 2.08/2.09 | 2.12/2.12 | 2.15/2.15 | 2.10/2.06 | 2.03/2.03 | 1.87/1.89 |
ρ [g/cm3] | not applicable | 2.17/2.28 | 2.21/2.29 | 1.96/2.37 | 2.18/2.23 | 2.07/2.18 | 1.96/2.05 |
CBR [%] | 101/98 | not applicable | not applicable | not applicable | not applicable | not applicable | not applicable |
fc [MPa] | not applicable | 4.11/4.06 | 7.59/7.60 | 12.99/12.92 | 1.89/3.13 | 1.33/2.48 | 0.49/0.94 |
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Zvonarić, M.; Barišić, I.; Galić, M.; Minažek, K. Influence of Laboratory Compaction Method on Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Unbound and Cement-Bound Mixtures. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114750
Zvonarić M, Barišić I, Galić M, Minažek K. Influence of Laboratory Compaction Method on Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Unbound and Cement-Bound Mixtures. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114750
Chicago/Turabian StyleZvonarić, Matija, Ivana Barišić, Mario Galić, and Krunoslav Minažek. 2021. "Influence of Laboratory Compaction Method on Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Unbound and Cement-Bound Mixtures" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114750
APA StyleZvonarić, M., Barišić, I., Galić, M., & Minažek, K. (2021). Influence of Laboratory Compaction Method on Compaction and Strength Characteristics of Unbound and Cement-Bound Mixtures. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 4750. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114750