Effect of Semi-Continuous Anaerobic Digestion on the Substrate Solubilisation of Lignin-Rich Steam-Exploded Ludwigia grandiflora
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Substrate and Inoculum
2.2. SE Pretreatment
2.3. AD of L. grandiflora Using a CSTR
2.4. Analytical Parameters
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Mass Balance and Chemical Composition of the Untreated and Pretreated Substrate and Effluent
3.2. The Effluent pH, HRT and OLR during the AD Process
3.3. Biogas Production Yield and Methane Content in the CSTR Reactor
3.4. Carbon Mass Balance during the AD Process
3.5. Comparison of the Differently Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass in the AD Process
3.6. Future Research Perspectives and Challenges
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Values |
---|---|
Solid fraction (kg-wwt) | 70.34 |
Liquid fraction (kg-wwt) | 175.14 |
Solid/Liquid | 0.40 |
pH of liquid fraction | 4.64 |
Parameter | Substrate | Effluent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | Steam Exploded | ||||
Solid | Solid | Liquid | Day 0 | Day 98 | |
TS (g L−1) | 194.50 | 187.10 | 8.60 | 28.50 | 20.50 |
VS (g L−1) | 166.70 | 162.10 | 5.40 | 15.80 | 15.70 |
Cellulose (%TS) | 32.83 ± 0.5 | 28.02 ± 0.2 | − | − | 5.03 ± 0.8 |
Hemicellulose (%TS) | ND | ND | − | − | ND |
Lignin (%TS) | 25.22 ± 4.6 | 29.15 ± 0.5 | − | − | 17.0 ± 1.0 |
C/N (%TS) | 22.12 ± 1.1 | 8.24 ± 0.9 | 10.82 ± 0.2 | 7.32 ± 0.1 | 14.3 ± 0.8 |
Carbon (%TS) | 40.51 ± 0.0 | 42.90 ± 0.5 | 28.03 ± 0.5 | 29.63 ± 0.0 | 37.33 ± 0.9 |
Nitrogen (%TS) | 1.83 ± 0.1 | 5.28 ± 0.7 | 2.60 ± 0.0 | 4.04 ± 0.0 | 2.61 ± 0.1 |
Protein (%TS) | 11.48 ± 0.6 | 33.0 ± 4.3 | 16.19 ± 0.0 | 25.3 ± 0.2 | 16.3 ± 0.7 |
NH4+ (g L−1) | − | − | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
Phenolic compounds (g L−1) | − | − | 0.03 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.0 | 0.18 ± 0.0 |
Dissolvedlignin (g L−1) | − | − | 0.64 | 0.27 | 0.40 |
Operational Day | Fed Carbon (kg) | Biogas Carbon (kg) | Effluent Carbon (kg) | Residual Carbon (kg) | Residual/Fed Carbon (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | 0.12 | 100 |
7 | 1.96 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 1.67 | 85.20 |
21 | 14.64 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 13.85 | 94.60 |
35 | 39.32 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 38.06 | 96.79 |
42 | 53.88 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 52.43 | 97.30 |
58 | 76.51 | 0.87 | 0.77 | 74.87 | 97.85 |
70 | 107.33 | 0.94 | 0.86 | 105.54 | 98.33 |
84 | 159.22 | 1.10 | 1.02 | 157.10 | 98.67 |
91 | 188.66 | 1.19 | 1.10 | 186.37 | 98.79 |
98 | 211.10 | 1.29 | 1.18 | 208.63 | 98.88 |
Feedstock/Lignin Content | Pretreatment/Operation Type | Operating Condition and Gas Production | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Potamogeton maackianus Type: Aquatic Lignin = 20.7%TS | Alkaline: 80 °C 3 h 0.2 g NaOH/1 g TS Semi-continuous | b CH4 = 219.2 (HRT: 40 d) a OLR: 1 | [34] |
Wheat straw Type: Terrestrial Lignin = 7.5 ± 0.3 * | Sun dried Semi-continuous | Biogas, OLR: 8%TS b R1 = 55.2 (HRT: 20 d) b R2 = 94.3 (HRT: 40 d) b R3 = 105.2 (HRT: 60 d) | [39] * [38] |
Olive mill solid waste Type: Terrestrial Lignin = 20.3 * | Thermal 170 °C, 60 min Semi-continuous | HRT: 25 d Day 0–75 = b CH4: 119 ± 30, a OLR: 2 Day 75–175 = 172 ± 60, a OLR: 1 Day 175–275 = 2, aOLR: 2 | [65] * [66] |
Ensiled sorghum forage Type: Terrestrial Lignin = 20−23%TS | Alkaline: 40 °C 24 h 10 g NaOH/100 g TS Semi-continuous | CH4 = 346 ± 9 (HRT: 21 d) a OLR: 1.8 | [58] |
Olive mill solid waste Type: Terrestrial Lignin = 20.3 * | Steam explosion 200 °C, 5 min Semi-continuous | HRT: 25 d Day 0–75 = b CH4: 151 ± 21, a OLR: 2 Day 75–175 = 163 ± 28, a OLR: 1 Day 175–275 = 85 ± 59, a OLR: 2 | [27] |
Ludwigia grandiflora Type: Aquatic Lignin = 25.22 ± 4.6%TS | Steam explosion 180 °C, 30 min Semi-continuous | b CH4 = 133.2 Day 0–42 = 148.24, a OLR: 0.9 (HRT: 30 d) Day 42–49 = 144.32, a OLR: 0.5 (HRT: 50 d) Day 49–98 = 113.0, a OLR:0.7(HRT: 40 d) | This study |
Steam-exploded citrus waste, municipal solid wastes Lignin = Not specified | Steam explosion: 150 °C, 20 min Semi-continuous co-digestion | b CH4 = 560 ± 15 (HRT: 21 d) a OLR: 3 | [26] |
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Bhatia, P.; Fujiwara, M.; Salangsang, M.C.D.; Qian, J.; Liu, X.; Ban, S.; Myojin, M.; Toda, T. Effect of Semi-Continuous Anaerobic Digestion on the Substrate Solubilisation of Lignin-Rich Steam-Exploded Ludwigia grandiflora. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104452
Bhatia P, Fujiwara M, Salangsang MCD, Qian J, Liu X, Ban S, Myojin M, Toda T. Effect of Semi-Continuous Anaerobic Digestion on the Substrate Solubilisation of Lignin-Rich Steam-Exploded Ludwigia grandiflora. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(10):4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104452
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhatia, Pranshu, Masaaki Fujiwara, Maria Cecilia D. Salangsang, Jun Qian, Xin Liu, Syuhei Ban, Mitsuyuki Myojin, and Tatsuki Toda. 2021. "Effect of Semi-Continuous Anaerobic Digestion on the Substrate Solubilisation of Lignin-Rich Steam-Exploded Ludwigia grandiflora" Applied Sciences 11, no. 10: 4452. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104452