Rabbit Genetic Resources Can Provide Several Animal Models to Explain at the Genetic Level the Diversity of Morphological and Physiological Relevant Traits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Domestication Process of the Rabbit and the Origin of the Genetic Diversity in this Species
3. Molecular Characterization of Coat Color Affecting Genes in Rabbits
3.1. Mutations in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) Gene and the Extension Locus
3.2. Mutations in the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) Gene and the Agouti Locus
3.3. Mutations in the Tyrosinase (TYR) Gene and the Albino Locus
3.4. Mutations in the Melanophilin (MLPH) Gene and the Dilute Locus
3.5. A Mutation in the Tyrosinase-Related Protein 1 (TYRP1) Gene and the Brown Locus
3.6. The KIT Gene is Responsible for the English Spotting Locus and the Megacolon Defect in the Checkered Giant Breed
4. Molecular Characterization of Genes Affecting Hair and Coat Structure as Models for Hair Growth and Development
4.1. A Mutation in the Lipase Member H (LIPH) Gene Causes the Rex Locus R1
4.2. A Marker in the Fibroblast Growth Factor 5 (FGF5) Gene is Associated to the Angora Locus
5. Molecular Characterization of Other Loci Determining Breed and Strain Specific or Un-Specific Phenotypes
5.1. A Structural Mutation in the High-Mobility Group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) Gene Determines a Dwarf Locus
5.2. A Mutation in the RAR Related Orphan Receptor B (RORB) Gene and the Acrobat Locus
5.3. Molecular Characterization of a Biochemical Defect: The Yellow Fat Locus
Locus | Gene Name | Gene Symbol | Alleles 1 | Sequences/Mutations 2 | Defects/Models 5 | References 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extension | Melanocortin 1 receptor | MC1R | E+ | Several wild type alleles 3 | - | [41] |
ED (dominant black) | 6 bp-in-frame deletion: c.280_285del6 | - | [41] | |||
ES (steel) | Probably due to the same mutation of ED | - | [41] | |||
eJ (Japanese brindling) | 6 bp-in frame deletion flanked by a G > A transition in 5’: c.[124G > A;125_130del6] | Potential model for gene expression regulation | [42] | |||
e (red, non-extension of black) | 30 bp-in frame deletion: c.304_333del30 | - | [41] | |||
Agouti | Agouti signaling protein | ASIP | A (light-bellied agouti; wild type) | Several wild type alleles 3,4 | - | [60] |
at (black and tan) | p.L55M, p.K77R and p.L89P/11 kb deletion spanning the promoter and first exon | Potential model for gene expression regulation | [60,61] | |||
a (recessive black non-agouti) | c.5_6insA | - | [60] | |||
Albino | Tyrosinase | TYR | C (normal melanin production) | Several wild type alleles 3,4 | - | [63,70] |
cchd (dark chinchilla) | p.E294G and p.T358I | - | [63,70] | |||
cchm (medium chinchilla) | Not confirmed by molecular studies | - | - | |||
cchl (light chinchilla) | Not confirmed by molecular studies | - | - | |||
ch (Himalayan) | p.E294G (several haplotypes with this mutation) | - | [63,70] | |||
c (Albino, lack of pigments) | p.T373K (several haplotypes with this mutation) | Potential model for oculocutaneous albinism type IA (OCA1A) | [63,70] | |||
Dilute | Melanophilin | MLPH | D (wild type, intense black and red) | Several wild type alleles 3,4 | - | [74] |
d (dilution of black to blue and red to yellow) | c.585delG (g.549853delG)—Two exon skipping mutation: c.111-5C > A | Potential model for Griscelli syndrome type 3 | [74,75,76] | |||
Brown | Tyrosinase-related protein 1 | TYRP1 | B (wild type, production of black and brown eumelanin) | Several wild type alleles 3 | - | [80] |
b (production of brown eumelanin) | p.W190ter (g.41360196G > A) | - | [80] | |||
English spotting | v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog | KIT | en (wild type, non-spotted coat colour, recessive) | Several wild type alleles 3,4 | - | [87] |
En (English spotted, spotted patterns, partially dominant, megacolon) | g.93948587T > C (in complete linkage disequilibrium with the En allele) | Potential model for non-aganglionic megacolon | [87] | |||
Rex 1 | Lipase member H | LIPH | R1 (wild type, normal presence of guard and awn hairs) | Several wild type alleles | - | [98] |
r1 (absence of guard and awn hairs, fur with down hairs | c.1362delA | Potential model for hypothricosis and related defects | [98] | |||
Angora | Fibroblast growth factor 5 | FGF5 | L (wild type, normal length of guard hairs) | Several wild type alleles (haplotypes) 3,4 | - | [110] |
l (long hairs) | A missense mutation in exon 3 in linkage disequilibrium | Potential mode for hair growth regulation | [110] | |||
Dwarf | High-mobility group AT-hook 2 | HMGA2 | Dw (normal size) | - | - | [122] |
dw (proportionated dwarf-reduced size) | 12.1 kb deletion (including promoter and the first three exons) | Potential model to study growth and body size | [122] | |||
Acrobat | RAR related orphan receptor B | RORB | Ak (normal locomotion) | - | - | [127] |
ak or Sam (walks on forelegs) | a splice-site mutation in an evolutionary conserved nucleotide position | Potential model for neuronal differentiation and locomotion behavior | [127] | |||
Yellow fat | Beta-carotene oxygenase 2 | BCO2 | Y (wild type, normal color of fat) | Wild type sequence | - | [134] |
y (yellow fat) | AAT-deletion at codon 248 | Potential model for carotenoid catabolism | [134] |
Breeds 1 | Coat Colour of the Animals 2 | MC1R 3 | ASIP 4 | TYR 5 | MLPH 6 | TYRP1 7 | KIT 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alaska | self black | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
Belgian Hare | reddish laced with black | wt/wt | (wt/wt: haplotype p77R + p.89P) | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
Blanc de Hotot | white with black markings | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
Burgundy Fawn | fawn | e/e | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
Californian | white with black markings | ED/ED | wt/wt, wt/a, a/a | ch/ch | wt/wt, wt/d | wt/wt | T/T, T/C, C/C |
Californian | white with blue markings[d/d] | ED/ED | wt/wt, wt/a, a/a | ch/ch | d/d | wt/wt | T/T, T/C, C/C |
Champagne d’Argent | silver as surface colour and black as under-colour | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/w | C/C |
Checkered Giant | white with black spots | ED/ED, ED/eJ | wt/a, a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt, wt/d | wt/wt | T/C |
Checkered Giant | white with blue spots | ED/ED | wt/a, a/a | wt/wt | d/d | wt/wt | T/C |
Dutch | with black markings | wt/wt, wt/ED, ED/ED | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | T/T, T/C, C/C |
Dutch | tricolor | eJ/eJ | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | - | - |
English Lop | shaded yellow/brown | e/e | - | - | - | - | - |
English Spot | white with black markings | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | C/C |
English Spot | white with blue markings | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | d/d | wt/wt | C/C |
Fairy Marburg | grey-light blue | wt/wt | a/a | - | d/d | - | - |
Fairy Pearly | pearling grey | wt/wt | wt/a, a/a | - | d/d | - | - |
Fox | dark blue | wt/wt | - | - | d/d | - | - |
Giant Chinchilla | chinchilla | wt/wt | wt/wt | cch/cch | wt/wt | wt/wt | T/C, C/C |
Giant Grey | wild-grey | wt/wt, wt/eJ | wt/wt, wt/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | T/T, T/C- |
Giant White | white albino | ED/ED | wt/wt | c/c | wt/wt | wt/wt | T/T |
Gold Saxony | red | e/e | - | - | - | wt/wt | - |
Havana | brown | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | b/b | - |
Japanese | Japanese brindling | eJ/eJ | - | - | - | wt/wt | C/C |
Leprino di Viterbo | wild-grey | wt/wt | - | wt/wt | - | wt/wt | - |
Lop | wild-grey | wt/wt | wt/wt, wt/a, a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
New Zealand Red | solid red | e/e | wt/wt | wt/wt | - | wt/wt | - |
New Zealand White | white-albino | ED/ED | wt/wt, wt/a, a/a | c/c | wt/wt | wt/wt | C/C |
Rhinelander | white with black and yellow markings | eJ/eJ | wt/wt, wt/a, a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | T/C |
Russian | white with black markings | wt/wt | a/a | cch/cch | wt/wt | - | - |
Silver | black with silvering | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
Tan | black fire | wt/wt | at/at | - | wt/wt | - | - |
Thuringian | shaded yellow/brown | e/e | a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
Vienna Blue | dark blue | wt/wt | a/a | wt/wt | d/d | wt/wt | - |
Vienna White | white-blue eyes | wt/wt | wt/a, a/a | wt/wt | wt/wt | wt/wt | - |
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fontanesi, L. Rabbit Genetic Resources Can Provide Several Animal Models to Explain at the Genetic Level the Diversity of Morphological and Physiological Relevant Traits. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010373
Fontanesi L. Rabbit Genetic Resources Can Provide Several Animal Models to Explain at the Genetic Level the Diversity of Morphological and Physiological Relevant Traits. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(1):373. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010373
Chicago/Turabian StyleFontanesi, Luca. 2021. "Rabbit Genetic Resources Can Provide Several Animal Models to Explain at the Genetic Level the Diversity of Morphological and Physiological Relevant Traits" Applied Sciences 11, no. 1: 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010373