Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Functional Mock-Up Interface
2.2. Distributed Control Systems Using IEC 61499
2.3. Model-Based Control Engineering
3. Generic Virtual Components
3.1. System Model
- the virtual component can be accessed via a dedicated FB,
- communication is restricted to the occurrence of events,
- each event e is triggered at a particular instant of time [27], and that
- e holds a set of variables that are either sent to the virtual component or to the automation system.
- Representational mapping: A generic virtual component has to map the hybrid representation defined by the FMI to discrete events that can be exchanged within the automation system. Such a mapping comprises the numerical computation of the state of the FMU based on its ODEs and the algorithm mapping possibly continuous in- and out-puts to discrete events e. The algorithm will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.
- Time synchronization: Since IEC 61499 events do not include a notion of time, the current progress of simulation time has to be synchronized, e.g., to the clock of a controller. Synchronization may also influence the range of feasible approaches for representational mapping since such a projection may have to be conducted in real time.
- Automation system interface: The actual integration of the virtual component into the automation system is implemented in the automation system interface, e.g., via a network connection. It is assumed that the automation system interface simply relays discrete events e without changing their abstract semantics.
3.2. Periodic Event Mapping
3.3. Predictive Event Mapping
3.4. Implementation Aspects
3.4.1. Unified Best-Effort Operation
3.4.2. Automation System Interface
3.4.3. Representational Mapping
3.4.4. Time Synchronization
4. Experimental Evaluation
4.1. Experiment Description
4.1.1. Component Models
4.1.2. Controller Hardware
4.1.3. Software PLC Controller
4.1.4. Configuration
4.2. Timing Evaluation Method
4.2.1. Timing Record Fusion
4.2.2. Timing Metrics
4.3. Results and Discussion
4.3.1. Timing
4.3.2. Simulation Outcome
5. Conclusions
- only soft real-time operation was feasible, in general,
- predictive operation introduced strict bounds of a delay-free synchronization that were rarely met in practice, and
- periodic event mapping always had to delay and accumulate events.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BFB | Basic Function Block |
CFB | Composite Function Block |
FB | Function Block |
FMU | Functional Mock-up Unit |
FMI | Functional Mock-up Interface |
HIL | Hardware-in-the-Loop |
ODE | Ordinary Differential Equation |
OLTC | On-Load Tap Changer |
PLC | Programmable Logic Controller |
RTI | Run-time Infrastructure |
SCADA | Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition |
SIFB | Service Interface Function Block |
SSD | Service Sequence Diagram |
WCET | Worst Case Execution Time |
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Experiment | Dist. Stage | Delay Metrics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples | Mean (s) | Variance () | Max. (s) | ||
PLC Predictive | Begin | 282 | 0.0903 | 0.003331 | 0.187 |
End | 282 | 0.0909 | 0.003335 | 0.187 | |
PLC Periodic | Begin | 771 | 0.0262 | 2.176 × | 0.0336 |
End | 771 | 0.0275 | 4.919 × | 0.0468 | |
HW Predictive | Begin | 222 | 0.0219 | 0.001354 | 0.187 |
End | 222 | 0.0224 | 0.001381 | 0.187 |
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Spiegel, M.H.; Widl, E.; Heinzl, B.; Kastner, W.; Akroud, N. Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051611
Spiegel MH, Widl E, Heinzl B, Kastner W, Akroud N. Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(5):1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051611
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpiegel, Michael H., Edmund Widl, Bernhard Heinzl, Wolfgang Kastner, and Nabil Akroud. 2020. "Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499" Applied Sciences 10, no. 5: 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051611
APA StyleSpiegel, M. H., Widl, E., Heinzl, B., Kastner, W., & Akroud, N. (2020). Model-Based Virtual Components in Event-Based Controls: Linking the FMI and IEC 61499. Applied Sciences, 10(5), 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051611