Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Wireless Outdoor Platforms
1.2. Design Drivers for a Smart Pole Structure
1.3. The Advantages and Sustainability of Composite Materials
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pole Structure
2.2. Impact Dynamics of the Shaft GFRP
2.3. Finite Element Modelling and Mechanical Analysis
2.4. Experimental-Numerical CTE Determination
2.5. Signal Attenuation
2.6. Heat Exchangers
2.7. Computational Fluid Dynamics
3. Results
3.1. Impact Dynamics of the Selected GFRP Shaft
3.2. Finite Element Analysis
3.3. Signal Attenuation at the GHz-Regime
3.4. Thermal Management and Multiple Radio Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Design Process and Interconnections of Results
4.2. Assembly and Future Applications
5. Conclusions
- A full-composite glass fibre reinforced 5G pole was FE-modelled and analysed against standard wind and thermal load. The findings showed that a mechanically safe and functional (stiff) GFRP shaft results in significant weight savings (37–80%) compared to traditional steel shafts;
- RF signal attenuation at a GHz-regime (2.45 GHz) was found to increase significantly (90–175%) due to any paint layer while long-term UV degradation in the polymer structure led only to a nominal decrease of attenuation in terms of dielectric loss;
- Entirely integral one-piece heat exchangers were designed with CFD analysis of the fluid-solid interaction for heat transfer, and printed. It was found that a parallel liquid cooling of four radio units is rather insensitive to the flow rate (range 2…6 L/min) and as high as ≈60 °C inlet temperature can be allowed to keep the device surfaces at or below a critical 65 °C.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Thermal Expansion of the GFRP Composite
Appendix B. Heat Exchanger Design
References
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Constant | Parameter | Value (Units) |
---|---|---|
Axial Young’s modulus | 35 GPa | |
Transverse Young’s modulus | 7.0 GPa | |
Out-of-plane Young’s modulus | 4.5 GPa | |
Poisson’s ratios | 0.3 | |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.05 | |
Shear modulus | 3.6 GPa | |
Shear modulus | 3.6 GPa | |
Shear modulus | 2.0 GPa |
Fluid Domain | Solid Domain |
---|---|
Turbulence model used: k- SST | |
Inlet: | Heated surface: |
Velocity 0.4 m/s | Fixed temperature gradient |
Turbulent intensity 4.00% | Zero pressure gradient |
k = 0.00038 m2/s2, ω = 51.57 1/s | Fluid-solid walls: |
Temperature 300 K | Temperature calculated |
Pressure with zero gradient | Zero pressure gradient |
Walls: | Outer surfaces: |
Velocity—no slip | Zero temperature gradient (adiabatic) |
Turbulent variables—wall functions | Zero pressure gradient |
Zero pressure gradient | |
Temperature calculated | |
Outlet: | |
Zero velocity gradient | |
Zero gradient of turbulent variables | |
Fixed pressure (atm pressure) | |
Zero temperature gradient |
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Di Vito, D.; Kanerva, M.; Järveläinen, J.; Laitinen, A.; Pärnänen, T.; Saari, K.; Kukko, K.; Hämmäinen, H.; Vuorinen, V. Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7594. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217594
Di Vito D, Kanerva M, Järveläinen J, Laitinen A, Pärnänen T, Saari K, Kukko K, Hämmäinen H, Vuorinen V. Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(21):7594. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217594
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Vito, Donato, Mikko Kanerva, Jan Järveläinen, Alpo Laitinen, Tuomas Pärnänen, Kari Saari, Kirsi Kukko, Heikki Hämmäinen, and Ville Vuorinen. 2020. "Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies" Applied Sciences 10, no. 21: 7594. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217594
APA StyleDi Vito, D., Kanerva, M., Järveläinen, J., Laitinen, A., Pärnänen, T., Saari, K., Kukko, K., Hämmäinen, H., & Vuorinen, V. (2020). Safe and Sustainable Design of Composite Smart Poles for Wireless Technologies. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7594. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217594