Skills Needs of the Civil Engineering Sector in the European Union Countries: Current Situation and Future Trends
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Professional Profiles of Civil Engineering and Their Current Skills
2.2. Future Skills Requirements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Professional Profiles in Civil Engineering and Their Current Skills
3.2. Future Skill Requirements in Civil Engineering
4. Training and Curricula Requirements
- New measurement methodology and data acquisition
- BIM methodology
- Project management
- Sustainable resource management
- Circular economy: waste management in civil engineering
- Challenges of climate change in civil engineering: minimize impacts of works, efficiency of buildings and constructions, and more sustainable transport infrastructures and mobility plans
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
BIM | Building Information Modeling |
SME | Small and Medium-sized Enterprises |
ESCO | European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations |
ISCO | International Standard Classification of Occupations |
ILO | International Labor Organization |
VBA | Visual Basic for Applications |
ICT | Information and Communications Technology |
VR | Virtual Reality |
AR | Augmented Reality |
IoT | Internet of Things |
STCR | Single task construction robots |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
ATL | Autonomous Track Loader |
ESSA | Blueprint “New Skills Agenda Steel”: Industry-driven sustainable European Steel Skills Agenda and Strategy |
DRIVES | Development and Research on Innovative Vocational Educational Skills |
APPRENTICESHIPQ | Mainstreaming Procedures for Quality Apprenticeships in Educational Organisations and Enterprises |
SMeART | Knowledge Alliance for Upskilling Europe’s SMES to Meet the Challenges of Smart Engineering |
SMEs | Small and Medium Enterprise |
CEPIS | Council of European Professional Informatics Societies |
CEN | European Committee for Standardization |
EUCEET | European Civil Engineering Education and Training |
References
- Eurostat. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/home (accessed on 15 June 2020).
- The European Construction Sector: A global Partner, European Commission, Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Directorate General, Energy Directorate General, Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ref.Ares(2016)1253962-11/03/2016. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/content/european-construction-sector-global-partner-0_en (accessed on 25 June 2020).
- COM (433 final) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Strategy for the Sustainable Competitiveness of the Construction Sector and Its Enterprises. 2012. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0433 (accessed on 25 June 2020).
- European Construction Sector Observatory (ECSO): Building Information Modelling in the EU Construction Sector. Trend Paper Series. 2019. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/34518 (accessed on 15 June 2020).
- Informe Euroconstruct de Invierno. Diciembre de. Fundación Instituto de Tecnología de la Contrucción de Cataluña—ITeC. 2019. Available online: www.itec.es (accessed on 25 June 2020).
- European Construction Sector Observatory (ESCO): Stimulating Favourable Investment Conditions. Analitycal Report. 2018. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/33062 (accessed on 14 June 2020).
- EU Sustainable Development Strategy, European Commission. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/sustainable-development/strategy/index_en.htm (accessed on 22 July 2020).
- EU’s Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/sustainable-development/SDGs/implementation/index_en.htm (accessed on 10 July 2020).
- Construction, Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/construction/ (accessed on 12 July 2020).
- Renz, A.; Solas, M.Z. Shaping the Future of Construction. A Breakthrough in Mindset and Technology; World Economic Forum: Geneva, Switzerland, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Bilal, M.; Oyedele, L.O.; Qadir, J.; Munir, K.; Akinade, O.O.; Ajayi, S.O.; Alaka, H.A.; Owolabi, H.A. Analysis of critical features and evaluation of BIM software: Towards a plug-in for construction waste minimization using big data. Int. J. Sustain. Build. Technol. Urban Dev. 2015, 6, 211–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karacay, G. Talent Development for Industry 4.0. In Industry 4.0: Managing the Digital Transformation, 2nd ed.; Ustundag, A., Cevikcan, E., Eds.; Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 123–135. [Google Scholar]
- Akyazi, T.; Goti, A.; Oyarbide, A.; Alberdi, E.; Bayon, F. A Guide for the Food Industry to Meet the Future Skills Requirements Emerging with Industry 4.0. Foods 2020, 9, 492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Griffiths, F.; Ooi, M. The fourth industrial revolution-Industry 4.0 and IoT. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. 2018, 21, 29–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Branca, T.A.; Fornai, B.; Colla, V.; Murri, M.M.; Streppa, E.; Schroder, A.J. The Challenge of Digitalization in the Steel Sector. Metals 2020, 10, 288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee, The Committee of the Regions and The European Investment Bank Investing in a Smart, Innovative and Sustainable Industry a Renewed EU Industrial Policy Strategy. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2017:0479:FIN (accessed on 9 March 2020).
- Akyazi, T.; Oyarbide, A.; Goti, A.; Gaviria, J.; Bayon, F. Roadmap for the future professional skills for the Oil and Gas Industry facing Industrial Revolution 4.0. Hydrocarb. Process 2020. accepted. [Google Scholar]
- European Construction Sector Observatory. Integrating digital innovations in the construction sector: The case of 3D Printing and Drones in construction. March 2019. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/construction/observatory_en (accessed on 10 May 2020).
- Barbosa, F.; Mischke, J.; Parsos, M. Improving Construction Productivity; McKinsey Global Institute: Houston, TX, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Barbosa, F.; Woetzel, J.; Mischke, J.; Ribeirinho, M.J.; Mukund Sridhar, M.; Parsons, M.; Bertram, N.; Brown, S. Reinventing Construction through a Productivity Revolution; McKinsey Global Institute: Houston, TX, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Poljansšek, M. Building Information Modelling (BIM) standardization; Joint Research Centre (European Commission): Ispra, Italy, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Kaplinski, O. Innovative Solutions in Construction Industry. Review of 2016–2018 Events and Trends. Eng. Struct. Technol. 2018, 10, 27–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maskuriy, R.; Selamat, A.; Ali, K.N.; Maresova, P.; Krejcar, O. Industry 4.0 for the Construction Industry—How Ready Is the Industry? Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on Public Procurement and Repealing Directive 2004/18/EC. Available online: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/24/2018-01-01 (accessed on 10 May 2020).
- Ley 9/2017, de 8 de noviembre, de Contratos del Sector Público, por la que se transponen al ordenamiento jurídico español las Directivas del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo 2014/23/UE y 2014/24/UE, de 26 de febrero de 2014. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-12902 (accessed on 20 May 2020).
- Sanchez-Ramos, D.; Galán, A.; Rodríguez, L.; Arrieta, A.; Moraleda, S. Application of Building Information Modelling Methodology in a Project Based Learning Subject. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering Education (EUCEE): Challenges for the Third Milenium, Barcelona, Spain, 5–8 September 2018; pp. 30–38. [Google Scholar]
- Peterson, F.; Hartmann, T.; Fruchter, R.; Fischer, M. Teaching construction project management with BIM support: Experience and lessons. Autom. Constr. 2011, 20, 115–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereiro-Barceló, J.; Meléndez, C. Introducing BIM into Education: Opportunities and Challenges. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering Education (EUCEE): Challenges for the Third Milenium, Barcelona, Spain, 5–8 September 2018; pp. 58–66. [Google Scholar]
- Theodossiou, N.; Karakatsanis, D.; Fotopoulou, E. The Augmented Reality Sandbox as a Tool for the Education of Hydrology to Civil Engineering Students. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering Education (EUCEE): Challenges for the Third Milenium, Barcelona, Spain, 5–8 September 2018; pp. 82–89. [Google Scholar]
- Construction Technology is Reshaping the Industry. Available online: https://www.constructconnect.com/blog/technology-reshaping-construction-industry (accessed on 5 September 2020).
- 7 Digital Technology Trends for the Construction Industry in 2020. Available online: https://www.imaginovation.net/blog/construction-industry-technology-trends/ (accessed on 5 September 2020).
- 9 Augmented Reality Technologies for Architecture and Construction. Available online: https://www.archdaily.com/914501/9-augmented-reality-technologies-for-architecture-and-construction (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Davila-Delgado, J.M.; Oyedele, L.; Demian, P.; Beach, T. A research agenda for augmented and virtual reality in architecture, engineering and construction. Adv. Eng. Inform. 2020, 45, 101122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampaio, A.Z. Education in Engineering: BIM and VR Technologies Improving Collaborative Projects. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering Education (EUCEE): Challenges for the Third Milenium, Barcelona, Spain, 5–8 September 2018; pp. 48–58. [Google Scholar]
- Chacón, R.; Sánchez-Juny, A.; Real, E.; Gironella, F.X.; Puigagut, J.; Ledesma, A. Digital twins in civil and environmental engineering classrooms. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering Education (EUCEE): Challenges for the Third Milenium, Barcelona, Spain, 5–8 September 2018; pp. 290–299. [Google Scholar]
- Dave, B.; Kubler, S.; Främling, K.; Koskela, L. Opportunities for enhanced lean construction management using Internet of Things standards. Autom. Constr. 2016, 61, 86–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davila-Delgado, J.M.; Butler, L.J.; Brilakis, I.; Elshafie, M.Z.E.B.; Middleto, C.R. Structural performance monitoring using a dynamic data-driven BIM environment. J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 2018, 32, 04018009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Crisostomi, E.; Shorten, R.; Wirth, F. Smart Cities: A Golden Age for Control Theory? IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 2016, 35, 23–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bock, T. The future of construction automation: Technological disruption and the upcoming ubiquity of robotics. Autom. Constr. 2015, 59, 113–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bibri, S. The IoT for Smart Sustainable Cities of the Future: An Analytical Framework for Sensor-Based Big Data Applications for Environmental Sustainability. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2017, 38, 230–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klashanov, F. Artificial Intelligence and Organizing Decision in Construction. Procedia Eng. 2016, 165, 1016–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García de Soto, B.; Agustí-Juan, I.; Hunhevicz, J.; Joss, S.; Graser, K.; Habert, G.; Adey, B.T. Productivity of digital fabrication in construction: Cost and time analysis of a robotically built wall. Autom. Constr. 2018, 92, 297–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prasath Kumar, V.R.; Balasubramanian, M.; Jagadish Raj, S. Robotics in construction industry. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2016, 9, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davila-Delgado, J.M.; Oyedele, L.; Ajayi, A.; Akanbi, L.; Akinade, O.; Bilal, M.; Owolabi, H. Robotics and automated systems in construction: Understanding industryspecific challenges for adoption. J. Build. Eng. 2019, 26, 100868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robots Are Coming to the Construction Site. Available online: https://www.constructconnect.com/blog/robots-coming-construction-site (accessed on 3 September 2020).
- Dörfler, K.; Sandy, T.; Giftthaler, M.; Gramazio, F.; Kohler, M.; Buchli, J. Mobile Robotic Brickwork. In Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2016; Dagmar Reinhardt, D., Saunders, R., Burry, J., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 204–217. [Google Scholar]
- Jayaraj, A.; Divakar, H.N. Robotics in construction industry. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 376, 012114. [Google Scholar]
- Więckowski, A. “JA-WA”-a wall construction system using unilateral material application with a mobile robot. Autom. Constr. 2017, 83, 19–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goessens, S.; Mueller, C.; Latteur, P. Feasibility study for drone-based masonry construction of real-scale structures. Autom. Constr. 2018, 94, 458–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasperzyk, C.; Kim, M.-K.; Brilakis, I. Automated re-prefabrication system for buildings using robotics. Autom. Constr. 2017, 83, 184–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Robots that Build the World. Available online: https://www.builtrobotics.com/ (accessed on 3 September 2020).
- Doo-Yeol, Y.; Soonho, K.; Min-Jae, K. Self-healing capability of asphalt concrete with carbon-based materials. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8, 827–839. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, S.; Liu, X.; Tabakovic, A.; Schlangen, E. Investigation of the Potential Use of Calcium Alginate Capsules for Self-Healing in Porous Asphalt Concrete. Materials 2019, 12, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hydroceramic. Available online: https://iaac.net/project/hydroceramic/ (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Galán-Marín, C.; Rivera-Gómez, C.; Petric, J. Clay-based composite stabilized with natural polymer and fibre. Constr. Build. Mater. 2010, 24, 1462–1468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corscadden, K.W.; Biggs, J.N.; Stiles, D.K. Sheep’s wool insulation: A sustainable alternative use for a renewable resource? Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2014, 86, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, Z.; Jung, G.S.; Kang, M.J.; Buehler, M.J. The mechanics and design of a lightweight three-dimensional graphene assembly. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, 1601536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Transparent Aluminum (Aluminum Oxynitride): Properties, Production and Applications. Available online: https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8095 (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Future Building Materials: Aerogels, Nanocrystals, and Smart Windows. Available online: https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/future-building-materials/ (accessed on 20 September 2020).
- Gao, T.; Jelle, B.P. Nanoelectrochromics for Smart Windows: Materials and Methodologies. In Proceedings of the TechConnect World Innovation Conference 2016, Washington, DC, USA, 22–25 May 2016; pp. 279–282. [Google Scholar]
- Gangåssæter, H.F.; Jelle, B.P.; Mofid, S.A.; Gao, T. Air-Filled Nanopore Based High-Performance Thermal Insulation Materials. Energy Procedia 2017, 132, 231–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Afterglow Products. Available online: https://www.nightec.com/products/raw-materials-for-manufacturers/ (accessed on 2 September 2020).
- This Cement Generated Light. Available online: https://www.archdaily.com/800904/this-cement-generates-light (accessed on 5 September 2020).
- Citation: Breathe Brick. Available online: https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/r-d-awards/citation-breathe-brick (accessed on 5 September 2020).
- De Laubier, R.; Wunder, M.; Witthöf, S.; Rothbeller, C. Will 3D Printing Remodel the Construction Industry? Boston Consulting Group: Barcelona, Spain, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- YHNOVA Project. Available online: https://www.batiprint3d.com/en (accessed on 5 July 2020).
- Going up: Drones Play a Bigger Role in Residential, Commercial Real Estate. Available online: https://www.cpbj.com/going-up-drones-play-a-bigger-role-in-residential-commercial-real-estate/ (accessed on 5 July 2020).
- Tkac, M.; Mesaros, P. Utilizing Drone Technology in the Civil Engineering. SSP J. Civ. Eng. 2019, 14, 27–37. [Google Scholar]
- Site and Land Mapping. Available online: http://versadrones.com/solutions/site-land-mapping/ (accessed on 5 July 2020).
- Li, Y.; Liu, C. Applications of Multirotor Drone Technologies in Construction Management. Int. J. Constr. Manag. 2019, 19, 401–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- How Drones Will Revolutionise the Construction Industry? Available online: https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/planning-construction-news/how-drones-will-revolutionise-the-construction-industry/40703/ (accessed on 20 July 2020).
- 3D Surveying and Reporting. Available online: http://versadrones.com/solutions/3d-surveying-reporting/ (accessed on 20 July 2020).
- Seo, J.; Duque, L.; Wacker, J. Drone-enabled Bridge Inspection Methodology and Application. Autom. Constr. 2018, 94, 112–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Entrop, A.G.; Vasenev, A. Infrared Drones in the Construction Industry: Designing a Protocol for Building Thermography Procedures. Energy Procedia 2017, 132, 63–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez, J. How UAVs Are Being Used in Construction Projects; The Balance Small Business: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Laser Scanning in Construction. Available online: https://constructionblog.autodesk.com/laser-scanning-in-construction/ (accessed on 5 September 2020).
- Jagannathan, S.; Ra, S.; Maclean, R. Dominant recent trends impacting on jobs and labor markets—An Overview. Int. J. Train. Res. 2019, 17, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bughin, J.; Hazan, E.; Lund, S.; Dahlström, P.; Wiesinger, A.; Subramaniam, A. Skill Shift. Automation and the Future of the Workforce; McKinsey Global Institute: Brussels, Belgium, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Grundke, R.; Squicciarini, M.; Jamet, S.; Kalamova, M. Having the right mix: The role of skill bundles for comparative advantage and industry performance in GVCs. In OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Deming, D.J. The growing importance of social skills in the labor market. Q. J. Econ. 2017, 132, 1593–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oreta, A.; Balili, A. Demonstrating students’ skills on integrating knowledge of math and engineering in an applied programming course in civil engineering. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 2015, 23, 630–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Virgin, L. Enhancing the teaching of linear structural analysis using additive manufacturing. Eng. Struct. 2017, 150, 135–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, B.; Ellobody, E.; Hu, T. 3D visualization of structures using finite-element analysis in teaching. J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract. 2012, 138, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Méndez-García, M.C.; Pérez-Cañado, M.L. Multicultural Teamwork as a Source of Experiential Learning and Intercultural Development. J. Engl. Stud. 2011, 9, 15–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chang, S.; Tharenou, P. Competencies Needed for Managing a Multicultural Workgroup. Asia Pac. J. Hum. Resour. 2004, 42, 57–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horrillo Tello, J.; Triado Aymerich, J. Carencias formativas de los grados de ingeniería para la Industria 4.0 en Espa na. Una propuesta de actualizaciones. Dyna 2018, 93, 365–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hanak, T.; Korytarova, J. Subsidy Risk Related to Construction Projects: Seeking Causes. Open Eng. 2018, 8, 484–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szymanski, P. Risk Management in Construction Projects. Procedia Eng. 2017, 208, 174–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valipour, A.; Yahaya, N.; Md Noor, N.; Antucheviciene, J.; Tamosaitiene, J. Hybrid SWARA-COPRAS Method for Risk Assessment in Deep Foundation Excavation Project: An Iranian Case Study. J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 2017, 23, 524–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahmadi, M.; Behzadian, K.; Ardeshir, A.; Kapelan, Z. Comprehensive Risk Management Using Fuzzy FMEA and MCDA Techniques in Highway Construction Projects. J. Civ. Eng. Manag. 2017, 23, 300–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Buxarrais, M.R. Ethical Competencies in Higher Education. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering Education (EUCEE): Challenges for the Third Milenium, Barcelona, Spain, 5–8 September 2018; pp. 20–29. [Google Scholar]
- ESCO European Skills/Competences Qualifications and Occupations. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/esco/portal/home (accessed on 3 May 2020).
- Project Title: Blueprint “New Skills Agenda Steel”: Industry-Driven Sustainable European Steel Skills Agenda and Strategy (ESSA), Program: Erasmus+ Knowledge Alliances, Project lifetime: 1 January 2019–31 December 2022, Project Co-ordinator: Dortmund University (Germany), Project Reference Number: 600886-EPP-1-2018-1-DE-EPPKA2-SSA-B. Available online: https://www.estep.eu/essa/essa-project/ (accessed on 19 July 2020).
- Project Title: Skills Alliance for Industrial Symbiosis—A Cross-sectoral Blueprint for a Sustainable Process Industry (SPIRE-SAIS), Program: Erasmus + Knowledge Alliances, Project lifetime: January 1, 2020–December 31, 2023, Project Co-ordinator: Dortmund University (Germany), Project Reference Number: 612429-EPP-1-2019-1-DE-EPPKA2-SSA-B. Available online: https://www.spire2030.eu/sais (accessed on 20 July 2020).
- Project Title: DRIVES: Development and Research on Innovative Vocational Educational Skills, Program: Erasmus + Knowledge Alliances, Project lifetime: 1 January 2018–31 December 2021, Project Co-ordinator: Technical University of Ostrava (Czech Republic). Available online: https://www.project-drives.eu/en/home (accessed on 21 July 2020).
- Project Title: Mainstreaming Procedures for Quality Apprenticeships in Educational Organisations and Enterprises (ApprenticeshipQ), Program: Erasmus+ Knowledge Alliances, Project lifetime: 1 January 2018–31 December 2020, Project Co-ordinator: Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University (Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg—DHBW), Project Reference Number: 2017-1-DE02-KA202-004164. Available online: https://apprenticeshipq.eu/ (accessed on 21 July 2020).
- Project Title: “SMeART—Knowledge Alliance for Upskilling Europe’s SMES to Meet the Challenges of Smart Engineering”, Program: Erasmus+ Knowledge Alliances, Project Lifetime: 1 January 2017–31 December 2019, Project Co-ordinator: Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM), Project Reference Number: 575932-EPP-1-2016-1-DE-EPPKA2-KA. Available online: http://www.smeart.eu/ (accessed on 21 July 2020).
- The European ICT Role Profiles. Available online: https://www.cen.eu/work/areas/ict/eeducation/pages/ws-ict-skills.aspx (accessed on 3 May 2020).
- Council of European Professional Informatics Societies. Available online: https://www.cepis.org/index.jsp?p=636&n=637/ (accessed on 15 July 2020).
- European Committee for Standardization. Available online: https://www.cen.eu/about/Pages/default.aspx (accessed on 20 July 2020).
- EUCEET Association. Available online: http://www.euceet.eu/association/ (accessed on 6 September 2020).
Group | Professional Profile | Definition |
---|---|---|
Profile 1 | Civil engineering workers | They perform tasks concerning the cleaning and preparation of construction sites for civil engineering projects. This includes the work on building and maintenance of roads, railways and dams. |
Profile 2 | Import export manager in mining, construction and civil engineering machinery | They install and maintain procedures for cross-border business, coordinating internal and external parties. |
Profile 3 | Mining, construction and civil engineering machinery distribution managers | They plan the distribution of mining, construction and civil engineering machinery to various points of sales. |
Profile 4 | Civil engineers | They design, plan and develop technical and engineering specifications for infrastructure and construction projects. They apply engineering knowledge in a vast array of projects, from the construction of infrastructure for transportation, housing projects and luxury buildings to the construction of natural sites. They design plans that seek to optimize materials and integrate specifications and resource allocation within the time constraints. |
Profile 5 | Rental service representative in construction and civil engineering machinery | They are in charge of renting out equipment and determining specific periods of usage. They document transactions, insurances and payments. |
Profile 6 | Import export specialist in mining, construction, civil engineering machinery | They have and apply deep knowledge of import and export goods including customs clearance and documentation. |
Profile 7 | Wholesale merchant in mining, construction and civil engineering machinery | They investigate potential wholesale buyers and suppliers and match their needs. They conclude trades involving large quantities of goods. |
Profile 8 | Civil engineering technicians | They help design and execute construction plans and take on organizational tasks, for example in the planning, monitoring, bidding and invoicing of construction work. They also calculate material requirements, help with the purchasing and organizing and ensure the quality of the construction materials. Civil engineering technicians may perform technical tasks in civil engineering and develop and advise on policy implementing strategies for road works, traffic lights, sewerage and water management systems. |
Profile 9 | Civil drafters | They draw and prepare sketches for civil engineers and architects of architectonic projects of different kinds, topographical maps, or for the reconstruction of existing structures. They lay down in the sketches all the specifications and requirements such as mathematical, aesthetic, engineering and technical. |
Profile 10 | Land surveyor | Land surveyors determine, by means of specialized equipment, the distances and positions of points at the surface of sites for construction purposes. They use measurements of the specific aspects of construction sites, such as electricity, distance measurements and metal structure volumes to create architectural drawings and develop construction projects. |
Group | Sample of Current Skills | Skills and Knowledge That Respond to Near-Future Requirements |
---|---|---|
Profile 1 | Dig soil mechanically; follow health and safety procedures in construction; guide operation of heavy construction equipment; inspect asphalt, construction sites and supplies, and drainage channels; and use safety equipment in construction. | Optional skill: Use measurement instruments. |
Profile 2 | Abide by business ethical code of conducts; apply conflict management; build rapport with people from different cultural backgrounds; comprehend financial business terminology; conduct performance measurement; control trade commercial documentation; and create solutions to problems. | Essential skills: Have computer literacy; monitor international market performance; and speak different languages. |
Profile 3 | Adhere to organizational guidelines; carry out inventory control accuracy; carry out statistical forecasts; communicate with shipment forwarders; create solutions to problems; and develop financial statistics reports. | Essential skills: Perform financial risk management in international trade and perform multiple tasks at the same time. |
Profile 4 | Adjust and approve engineering designs; ensure compliance with safety legislation; perform scientific research; and use technical drawing software. | Essential skills: Use technical drawing software. Optional knowledge: Energy efficiency; energy market; energy performance of buildings; environmental engineering; environmental legislation; environmental legislation in agriculture and forestry; renewable energy technologies; and zero-energy building design. Optional skills: Carry out energy management of facilities; carry out environmental audits; collect data using GPS; create AutoCAD drawings; create GIS reports; use a computer; use CAD software; and use geographic information systems. |
Profile 5 | Achieve sales targets; apply numeracy skills; assist customers; communicate with customers; guarantee customer satisfaction; and handle financial transactions. | Essential skills: Process data. |
Profile 6 | Administer multi-modal logistics; apply conflict management; apply export strategies; apply import strategies; build rapport with people from different cultural backgrounds; and communicate with shipment forwarders. | Essential skills: Have computer literacy. |
Profile 7 | Assess supplier risks; build business relationships; comprehend financial business terminology; have computer literacy; identify customer’s needs; identify and new business opportunities. | No skills of this type. |
Profile 8 | Ensure compliance with safety legislation; estimate duration of work; follow health and safety procedures in construction; inspect construction supplies; keep records of work progress; and perform field research. | Essential skills: Use technical drawing software. Optional knowledge: Energy efficiency and energy performance of buildings. Optional skills: Create AutoCAD drawings; promote environmental awareness; and use CAD software. |
Profile 9 | Create technical plans; read engineering drawings; use CAD software; use manual draughting techniques; and use technical drawing software. | Essential skills: Use CAD software and use technical drawing software. Optional skills: Render 3D images and use geographic information systems. |
Profile 10 | Adjust surveying equipment; conduct land surveys; determine boundaries; ensure compliance with safety legislation; operate surveying instruments; perform surveying calculations; prepare surveying report; record survey measurements; and use technical drawing software. | Essential skills: Use technical drawing software. Optional skills: develop geological databases; use CAD software; study aerial photos apply digital mapping; collect data using GPS; and compile GIS-data. |
Generic skills | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile 5 | Profile 6 | Profile 7 | Profile 8 | Profile 9 | Profile 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inspecting and monitoring skills | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Basic digital skills | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Advanced data analysis | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Mathematical skills | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Cybersecurity | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Use of complex digital communication tools | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Advanced IT skills & Programming | x | x | x | |||||||
IoT | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Big Data | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Artificial Intelligence (AI) | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Sensors technology | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Augmented Reality (AR) | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Machine Learning | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Business Intelligence | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Information Security Management | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
Advanced communication skills | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Advanced negotiation skills | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Interpersonal skills and empathy | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Leadership and managing others | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Entrepreneurship and initiative taking | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Adaptability and adapt to change | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Continuous learning | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Teaching and training others | x | x | x | |||||||
Critical thinking and decision making | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Personal experience | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Ethical skills | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Cultural empathy | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Work autonomously | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Active listening | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Basic numeracy and communication | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Basic data input and processing | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Advanced literacy | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Quantitative and statistical skills | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Complex information processing | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Appropriate linguistic skills | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Process analysis | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Creativity | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Complex problem solving | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Conflict resolution | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
Problem management | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Risk management | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Environmental awareness | x | x | x | |||||||
Energy efficiency | x | x | ||||||||
Resource reuse/recycling | x | x | x | |||||||
Waste management (reduction and reuse) | x | x | x | |||||||
Product life cycle impact assessment | x | x | x | x | x |
Specific Skills | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile 5 | Profile 6 | Profile 7 | Profile 8 | Profile 9 | Profile 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Application of new technologies to civil engineering | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Drones | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
BIM methodology | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Robotic construction | x | x | x | |||||||
3D Printing | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
3D laser scanning | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Novel construction materials | x | x | x | |||||||
Quality procedures related to digital transformation | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Energy efficiency of buildings and infrastructure. | x | x | x | |||||||
Risk management related to climate change | x | x | x | |||||||
Sustainable waste management-Circular Economy | x | x | x | |||||||
Sustainable resource management | x | x | x | x | ||||||
Project management | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
Ergonomics | x | x | x |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Akyazi, T.; Alvarez, I.; Alberdi, E.; Oyarbide-Zubillaga, A.; Goti, A.; Bayon, F. Skills Needs of the Civil Engineering Sector in the European Union Countries: Current Situation and Future Trends. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 7226. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207226
Akyazi T, Alvarez I, Alberdi E, Oyarbide-Zubillaga A, Goti A, Bayon F. Skills Needs of the Civil Engineering Sector in the European Union Countries: Current Situation and Future Trends. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(20):7226. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207226
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkyazi, Tugce, Irantzu Alvarez, Elisabete Alberdi, Aitor Oyarbide-Zubillaga, Aitor Goti, and Felix Bayon. 2020. "Skills Needs of the Civil Engineering Sector in the European Union Countries: Current Situation and Future Trends" Applied Sciences 10, no. 20: 7226. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207226
APA StyleAkyazi, T., Alvarez, I., Alberdi, E., Oyarbide-Zubillaga, A., Goti, A., & Bayon, F. (2020). Skills Needs of the Civil Engineering Sector in the European Union Countries: Current Situation and Future Trends. Applied Sciences, 10(20), 7226. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207226