Design Specifications for an Auxiliary Incision Retractor in Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgeries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Retraction Points
2.1.1. Instruments
2.1.2. Procedure
2.2. Geometrical Behaviour
2.2.1. Mohr Circle
2.2.2. Lamé Ellipse
2.3. Case Study
2.4. Considerations
- Each incision point has its maximum stretch and its minimum contraction (origin related).
- The maximum stretch is related to the incision length (from to ). In the experimental process, all the incisions were made at 2 cm.
- The incision retraction points (Figure 8) are matched onto the ellipse line in the following form:
- The retraction replicates an ellipse form, but it does not keep this geometry because the incision retracted has a workspace area tending to the radius or the major axis:
3. Validation
3.1. Experimental Validation
3.1.1. Experimental Arrangement
3.1.2. Experimental Results
3.2. Theoretical Validation
Computational Software
3.3. Design Specifications
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Experimental Conclusions
- The force-retraction effects are related to the incision type, the points retraction number, and the incision location. These effects are factors that alter the deformation and the skin behavior
- From the experiment, it can be inferred that skin tends to be more stable through time. The RRS tolerances can be defined with the media and maximum values of the experiment.
- The skin retraction can be inferred as a scalable process related to forces and lengths.
- For a homogeneous workspace, the retraction process must have at least six retraction points. The simplest skin retracted geometrical form is an Ellipse.
5.2. Theoretical Conclusions
- The mathematical model requires, as input, to know the systems’ forces and lengths in the retraction process; then, it will compute the system strains and resulting areas.
- The mathematical model and the design specifications are valid when the skin retracted behaves as a flexible body.
- The strain system will behave as the model predicts. If the incision retraction points are mobiles, the workspace area will be almost the same in all of the procedures.
- If the stretching length is increased, the incision length will decrease.
- The mathematical model behaves as the Robotic Retractor System requires. It is assumed that the actuator for the RRS will replicate the retraction process model with the tolerances founded in the experimental part.
- With the measures obtained, it is possible to build a Robotic Retractor System.
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Instruments | ||
---|---|---|
Anesthesia | Vaso-builder spray | Antiseptic |
Cold scalpel | Scissors | Retractors |
Curved mosquito | Wescott scissors | Silicone tubes |
Characteristics | |
---|---|
Animal part | Pig’s head |
Age | 6 months |
Animal’s weight | 92 kg |
Head’s weight | 2.1 kg |
Long: 500 | |
Dimensions (mm) | Width: 130 |
High: 120 | |
TIF certification | Yes |
Instrument | Amount | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Digital dynamometer | 1 | PASCO Scientific CI-6537 force sensor |
Analog Vernier | 2 | Metromex 333-P plastic range of 5 mm |
Light | 1 | TEKCOPLUS DSTK-110 |
Universal support | 3 | Dipstick size 600 mm y Base size (200 × 140) mm |
Scalpel | 1 | Zamsa model zs-05-1105 |
Characteristics | |
---|---|
Animal part | Pig’s head |
Age | 6 months |
Animal’s weight | 9 kg |
Head’s weight | 2 kg |
Long: 450 | |
Dimensions (mm) | width: 125 |
High: 115 | |
TIF certification | Yes |
Forces in Each Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Average | Standard Deviation | Variance | Kurtosis | Median | Maximum | Minimum |
T1 | 13.74529 | 0.76547 | 0.58595 | −2.5806 | 13.52 | 15.1 | 12.69 |
T3 | 18.88036 | 0.96741 | 0.93588 | −3.2372 | 18.81 | 20.91 | 16.4 |
T4 | 25.26041 | 2.17057 | 4.71137 | −2.6636 | 24.55 | 31.05 | 20.45 |
Average Forces from Three Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Events | Average | Standard Deviation | Variance | Kurtosis | Median | Maximum | Minimum |
221 | 19.29535 | 1.10309 | 1.2168 | −2.6835 | 19.17 | 21.4066 | 17.3166 |
Requirements | Strains (x,y) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area 1 | 0.00001 m | 1,374,000 | −1,373,999.986 | ||
Area 2 | 0.00002 m | 944,000 | −943,999.9859 | ||
Force 1 | 13.74 N | 1,263,000 | −1,262,999.979 | ||
Force 2 | 18.88 N | ||||
Force 3 | 25.26 N |
Incision Force Retraction (Length-Depth) | Experiment 1 | Experiments 2 |
---|---|---|
13.74 N (1 cm − 2 mm) | 1.28 cm | 1.02 cm |
18.88 N (1 cm − 4 mm) | 1.2 cm | 1.14 cm |
25.26N (1.5 cm − 4 mm) | 1.41 cm | 1.62 cm |
Figure | Area (cm2) | Pressure (Pa) |
---|---|---|
Superior Part | 3.141 | 43,735.7 |
Inferior Part | 7.068 | 26,709.7 |
Workspace | 26,801.6 |
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Share and Cite
Ramírez-Beltrán, V.O.; Z.-Avilés, L.A.; Valdovinos-Rosas, R.M.; Reyes-Lagos, J.J.; Cruz-Martínez, G.M. Design Specifications for an Auxiliary Incision Retractor in Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgeries. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020605
Ramírez-Beltrán VO, Z.-Avilés LA, Valdovinos-Rosas RM, Reyes-Lagos JJ, Cruz-Martínez GM. Design Specifications for an Auxiliary Incision Retractor in Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgeries. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(2):605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020605
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez-Beltrán, V. O., L. A. Z.-Avilés, R. M. Valdovinos-Rosas, J. J. Reyes-Lagos, and G. M. Cruz-Martínez. 2020. "Design Specifications for an Auxiliary Incision Retractor in Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgeries" Applied Sciences 10, no. 2: 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020605
APA StyleRamírez-Beltrán, V. O., Z.-Avilés, L. A., Valdovinos-Rosas, R. M., Reyes-Lagos, J. J., & Cruz-Martínez, G. M. (2020). Design Specifications for an Auxiliary Incision Retractor in Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgeries. Applied Sciences, 10(2), 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020605