Pomegranate: Nutraceutical with Promising Benefits on Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pomegranate Health-Promoting Properties
2.1. Antioxidant Activity
2.2. Anticancer Properties
2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Properties
2.4. Antidiabetic Activity
2.5. Antimicrobial Activities
2.6. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.7. Antiviral Activities
2.8. Other Properties
2.8.1. Obesity
2.8.2. Intestinal Regulation
2.8.3. Effects on the Male Reproductive System
2.8.4. Antidiarrheal Effects
2.8.5. Effects on Oral Health
2.8.6. Effects on Pregnant and Breast-Feeding Women
2.8.7. Effects on Nervous System
3. Toxicological Aspects of Pomegranate and Potential Interaction with Drugs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structure | Activity | Bibliographic Reference |
---|---|---|
(+)-(2R,3S)-Catechin (1) | Antioxidant | [48] |
Cyanidin (2) | Antioxidant | [5] |
Antitumoral Anti-inflammatory | ||
Delphinidin (3) | Antitumoral | [5] |
Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | ||
Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (4) | Antitumoral | [5] |
Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | ||
Quercetin (5) | Antiviral | [52] |
Antioxidant Cardioprotective Antitumoral | ||
Kaempferol (6) | Anti-cancerogenic | [54] |
Rutin (7) | Antitumoral Antimicrobial | [54] |
Ellagic Acid (8) | Antitumoral | [56] |
Antiviral Antimicrobial | ||
Punicalagin (9) | Anti-inflammatory | [57] |
Antiproliferative | ||
Pro-apoptotics Antigenotoxic | ||
Ursolic acid (10) | Antitumoral | [65] |
Luteolin (11) | Antitumoral | [65] |
Punicic Acid (12) | Anti-inflammatory | [83] |
Punicalin (13) | Anti-inflammatory | [80] |
Vitamin A or retinol (14) | Antioxidant | [20] |
Vitamin C or ascorbic acid (15) | Antioxidant | [20] |
Vitamin E or tocopherol (16) | Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory | [20] |
Caffeic acid (17) | Antidiabetics | [5] |
Gallic acid (18) | Antimicrobial Prevention of cardiovascular diseases | [110] |
Pomegranate Extracts | Properties | References |
---|---|---|
Antioxidant activity | ||
Juice | ROS | [23,25,26,32] |
Peel (PPE) | ROS | [25,27,28,29,30,31] |
Seed | Radical scavenging | [24,25,32] |
Anticancer properties | ||
Fruit (PoMx) | Reverse tamoxifen resistant | [61] |
Inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis (HSC-3) | [62] | |
Husk | Inhibition of cell proliferation (HepG2 and CACO) | [68] |
Juice | Inhibition of cell proliferation (HT-29) | [5] |
Leaf | Inhibition of cell proliferation (HeLa) | [75] |
Necrosis | ||
Apoptosis | ||
Peel | Inhibition of cell proliferation (MCF-7 and HCT-116) | [67] |
Inhibition of cell proliferation (MCF-7, SKOV3, PC3 and A549) | [69] | |
Inhibition of cell proliferation (K562) | [70] | |
Cell cycle G2/M | ||
Apoptosis | ||
Inhibition of cell proliferation (HONE1) | [76] | |
Seed | Inhibition of cell proliferation (HepG2 and CACO) | [68] |
Seedless aril | Inhibition of cell proliferation (LAPC4) | [59] |
Skin (PoPx) | Inhibition of cell proliferation (MCF-7 and LAPC4) | [59] |
Apoptosis | ||
Inhibition of cell proliferation (MCF-7) | [60] | |
Antiangiogenic | ||
Inhibition of cell invasion and motility | ||
Inhibition of cell proliferation (melanocyte) | [63,64] | |
Free radicals block in UVA and UVB irradiated human skin | ||
Whole extract (PE) | Inhibition of cell proliferation (WA-4) | [65] |
Cell cycle arrest G0/G1 | ||
Apoptosis | ||
Inhibition of cell proliferation (PANC-1 and AsPC-1) | [66] | |
Cell cycle arrest G2 | ||
Immunomodulatory effects in stem cells | [71] | |
Anti-inflammatory properties | ||
Flower (PFE) | NO, iNOS, COX-2, PGE-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β | [89] |
Inhibition of NF-kB activation and MAPKs phosphorylation | ||
Fruit (PoMx) | Thrombospondin, TGF-β1 | [85] |
Peel (PPE) | TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, ICAM | [88] |
Seed | COX, LOX | [81,82] |
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) | [83] | |
Whole extract (PE) | NO | [80,84] |
COX-2, PTGES | [87,91] | |
Antidiabetic activity | ||
Flower (PFE) | Suppression of α-glucosidase activity | [95] |
Activation of PPAR-γ | [5] | |
LPO | [100] | |
Improvement of insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, and liver glycogen content | [102] | |
Fruit (PoMx) | Serum resistin | [99] |
FBG | [103] | |
IRS-1, Akt, GLUT-2, GLUT-4 | ||
Juice | Inhibition of DPP-4 | [104] |
Erythropoietin | [105] | |
Peel (PPE) | Inhibition of LPO | [98] |
Serum glucose concentration | ||
Seed | Improvement of insulin sensitivity | [97] |
Antimicrobial activities | ||
Peel (PPE) | S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky | [111] |
C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, R. mucillaginosa, E. dermatitidis, S. aureus | [112] | |
E.coli, P. aeruginisa, P. vulgaris, S. typhi, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumonia | [113] | |
Skin (PoPx) | S. aureus, E. coli, Y. enterocolitica | [110] |
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases | ||
Juice | Erythrocyte count, bleeding time, thrombin time | [118] |
Activation of thromboplastin time | ||
Inhibition of platelets aggregation induced by ADP | ||
Positive effects on angina pectoris | [119] | |
Improvement of lipid profile, oxidative, and inflammatory biomarkers | [121] | |
Blood pressure | [121,122] | |
Peel (PPE) | Reduction of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity | [120] |
Antiviral activities | ||
Peel (PPE) | Hepatitis C virus | [127] |
HSV-2 | [130] | |
Rind | HSV-1 | [129] |
Whole extract (PE) | Inhibition of H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 virus replication | [124,125] |
Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication | [126] | |
Adenovirus | [128] | |
Obesity | ||
Leaf | Inhibition of pancreatic lipase | [137] |
Seed | Inhibition of adipogenesis | [138] |
Intestinal regulation | ||
Juice | Intestinal motility | [141] |
Rebalancing of intestinal microbiome | ||
Peel (PPE) | Pathogenicity of C. rodentium | [142,143] |
Effects on the male reproductive system | ||
Juice | Sperm concentration, mobility, and density | [145] |
Erectile activity | [146] | |
Antidiarrheal effects | ||
Peel (PPE) | Gastrointestinal transit | [149] |
Skin | Inhibition of spontaneous ileum movements | [147] |
Effects on oral health | ||
Whole extract (PE) | Microorganism from the dental plaque | [151] |
Microorganism of gingivitis | [152] | |
Effects on pregnant and breastfeeding women | ||
Juice | Improvement of uterine and umbilical artery function | [155] |
Presence of ellagic acid in breast milk | [156] | |
Peel (PPE) | Antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E.coli | [153] |
Whole extract (PE) | bilirubin | [154] |
Effects on nervous system | ||
Juice | Impediment of oxidative damage and α-synuclein aggregationImprovement of mitochondrial ALDH activity | [161] |
Stabilization of the ability to learn visual information | [162] | |
Whole extract (PE) | NO, IL-6, PGE-2, TNF-α in BV-2 cells | [158,159] |
Protection of SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cell viability | ||
Activation of Sirt-1 in BV-2 cells | [159] | |
Improvement of mitochondrial activity, CAT, SOD, GR, and GPx activities and redox state | [160] | |
Peroxiredoxins 1 and 3 |
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Share and Cite
Caruso, A.; Barbarossa, A.; Tassone, A.; Ceramella, J.; Carocci, A.; Catalano, A.; Basile, G.; Fazio, A.; Iacopetta, D.; Franchini, C.; et al. Pomegranate: Nutraceutical with Promising Benefits on Human Health. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6915. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196915
Caruso A, Barbarossa A, Tassone A, Ceramella J, Carocci A, Catalano A, Basile G, Fazio A, Iacopetta D, Franchini C, et al. Pomegranate: Nutraceutical with Promising Benefits on Human Health. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(19):6915. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196915
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaruso, Anna, Alexia Barbarossa, Antonio Tassone, Jessica Ceramella, Alessia Carocci, Alessia Catalano, Giovanna Basile, Alessia Fazio, Domenico Iacopetta, Carlo Franchini, and et al. 2020. "Pomegranate: Nutraceutical with Promising Benefits on Human Health" Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6915. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196915