Effectiveness of Computer-Generated Virtual Reality (VR) in Learning and Teaching Environments with Spatial Frameworks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. VIEs (Virtual Immersive Environments)
1.2. Spatial Ability and STEM Learning
1.3. Objectives and Research Questions
- Does media (VR and desktop screening) have an effect on the spatial understanding of DNA molecules between students with low, medium, and high spatial ability?
- Does media (VR and desktop screening) affect student satisfaction, usability, and perception with different spatial ability?
2. Material and Method
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Design of VR and 3D Environments
2.3. Content for Tutorial
2.4. Conditions
2.4.1. Desktop Screening
2.4.2. VR
2.5. Participants
2.6. Procedures
2.7. Instruments
2.7.1. Satisfaction Questionnaire
2.7.2. Revised Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations
3. Results
- Does media (VR and desktop screening) have an effect on the spatial understanding of DNA molecules between students with low, medium, and high spatial ability?
- Does media (VR and desktop Screening) affect student satisfaction, usability, and perception with different spatial ability?
3.1. Research Question 1
3.2. Research Question 2
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment 1 Desktop Screening | Treatment 2 VR | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | Demographic | n = 29 | n = 33 | N = 62 |
Age | 18−29 | 26 | 28 | 54 |
30−49 | 3 | 5 | 8 | |
Gender | Male | 14 | 16 | 30 |
Female | 15 | 17 | 32 | |
Level of education | Freshman | 11 | 4 | 15 |
Sophomore | 9 | 4 | 13 | |
Junior | 2 | 7 | 9 | |
Senior | 2 | 5 | 7 | |
College graduate | 1 | 6 | 7 | |
Some postgraduate | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
Postgraduate degree | 3 | 3 | 6 | |
Computer skills | Average | 12 | 12 | 24 |
Somewhat high | 12 | 14 | 26 | |
Very high | 5 | 6 | 11 | |
Somewhat low | 1 | 1 |
Source | Mean Square | F | Sig. | Partial Eta Squared |
---|---|---|---|---|
Media | 5.79 | 1.27 | 0.26 | 0.02 |
Spatial ability | 16.32 | 3.59 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Media Spatial ability | 18.47 | 4.07 | 0.02 | 0.12 |
Media | Spatial Levels | Mean | Std. Deviation | N |
---|---|---|---|---|
VR | Low | 5.90 | 1.67 | 11 |
Medium | 4.64 | 1.88 | 7 | |
High | 6.96 | 2.31 | 15 | |
Total | 6.12 | 2.16 | 33 | |
Desktop screening | Low | 4.75 | 2.05 | 12 |
Medium | 7.36 | 2.61 | 11 | |
High | 7.33 | 1.75 | 6 | |
Total | 6.27 | 2.51 | 29 | |
Total | Low | 5.30 | 1.92 | 23 |
Medium | 6.30 | 2.67 | 18 | |
High | 7.07 | 2.12 | 21 | |
Total | 6.19 | 2.32 | 62 |
Groups | VR | Desktop Screening | Mean | Std. Deviation | t | df | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pair 1 | Satisfaction | Satisfaction | 1.52 | 0.65 | 12.56 | 28 | 0.000 |
Pair 2 | Usability | Usability | 1.41 | 0.63 | 12.04 | 28 | 0.000 |
Pair 3 | Perception | Perception | 1.33 | 0.94 | 7.60 | 28 | 0.000 |
Source | Mean Square | F | Sig. | Partial Eta Squared |
---|---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction | 0.94 | 5.57 | 0.006 | 0.16 |
Usability | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.94 | 0.002 |
Perception | 1.10 | 3.61 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
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Safadel, P.; White, D. Effectiveness of Computer-Generated Virtual Reality (VR) in Learning and Teaching Environments with Spatial Frameworks. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5438. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165438
Safadel P, White D. Effectiveness of Computer-Generated Virtual Reality (VR) in Learning and Teaching Environments with Spatial Frameworks. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(16):5438. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165438
Chicago/Turabian StyleSafadel, Parviz, and David White. 2020. "Effectiveness of Computer-Generated Virtual Reality (VR) in Learning and Teaching Environments with Spatial Frameworks" Applied Sciences 10, no. 16: 5438. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165438
APA StyleSafadel, P., & White, D. (2020). Effectiveness of Computer-Generated Virtual Reality (VR) in Learning and Teaching Environments with Spatial Frameworks. Applied Sciences, 10(16), 5438. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165438