Dynamic Characteristics of Sandstone under Coupled Static-Dynamic Loads after Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental and Rock Specimens
2.1. Rock Specimens and Preparation
2.2. Freeze-Thaw Treatment
2.3. NMR Test
2.4. Testing Technique Simulating Coupling Static and Dynamic Loads
2.4.1. Theoretical Background
2.4.2. Test System and Equipment
3. Strength Characteristics of Sandstone under Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Axial Pre-Compression Stresses
3.1. Strength Characteristics of Sandstone at Different Pre-Compression Stresses
3.2. Strength Degradation of Sandstone under Freeze-Thaw Cycles
4. Dynamic Failure Characteristics
4.1. Failure Mode
4.2. Energy Absorption Characteristics
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The stress–strain curves of the sandstone can be divided into three stages under axial pre-compression stresses and do not exhibit a densification stage. With increasing axial pre-compression stress, the slope of the elastic stage and the peak strength first increase and then decrease. The dynamic peak strain, on the other hand, first decreases and then increases for the same number of freeze-thaw cycles. When the axial pre-compression stress is 15 MPa, with increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, the peak stress decreases and the peak strain increases almost linearly. When the axial pre-compression stress is 30 MPa, the peak stress decreases and then increases while the peak strain decreases. The peak stress and strain both increase under a pre-compression stress of 55 MPa.
- (2)
- The rock failure characteristics under different freeze-thaw processes and pre-compression stresses indicate that the number of fragments increases with both the increasing axial pre- compression stress and the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. The fragments become more uniform when more freeze-thaw cycles are applied due to the increasing internal damage within the rock. The failure modes change from splitting at 0 MPa axial pre-compression stress to shear failure at higher pre-compression stresses. The energy absorption rate of the sandstone specimen increases first and then decreases with increasing axial pre-compression stresses. With increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, the energy absorption rates of the sandstone increase.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density (kg/m3) | P-Wave Velocity (m/s) | UCS (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
2360 | 3750 | 75.0 | 15.7 | 0.2 |
Group Number | Mass of Saturated Samples after Different Freeze-Thaw Times in g | Change % | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | 120 | 140 | |||
Group B | B21 | 230.27 | 231.08 | 231.71 | 231.56 | 231.19 | 231.55 | 231.79 | 232.12 | 0.80 |
B22 | 229.80 | 230.60 | 230.69 | 231.07 | 230.63 | 230.84 | 231.26 | 231.43 | 0.71 | |
B23 | 229.08 | 229.93 | 230.06 | 230.38 | 229.80 | 229.76 | 230.32 | 230.52 | 0.63 | |
B24 | 228.40 | 229.31 | 229.38 | 229.40 | 229.15 | 228.95 | 229.56 | 229.87 | 0.64 | |
B25 | 231.26 | 232.19 | 232.35 | 232.26 | 232.11 | 232.17 | 232.44 | 232.90 | 0.71 | |
Average | 229.76 | 230.62 | 230.84 | 230.93 | 230.58 | 230.65 | 231.07 | 231.37 | 0.70 | |
Group C | C21 | 230.94 | 232.32 | 232.57 | 232.64 | 232.89 | 233.05 | 233.03 | 233.25 | 1.00 |
C22 | 231.04 | 232.16 | 231.15 | 232.44 | 231.64 | 232.39 | 232.53 | 232.76 | 0.74 | |
C23 | 229.56 | 230.72 | 231.13 | 231.00 | 230.59 | 231.27 | 231.36 | 230.87 | 0.57 | |
C24 | 227.40 | 228.48 | 228.48 | 228.53 | 228.15 | 228.63 | 228.73 | 229.95 | 1.12 | |
C25 | 229.69 | 230.83 | 230.98 | 231.15 | 230.64 | 231.34 | 231.51 | 230.80 | 0.48 | |
Average | 229.73 | 230.90 | 230.86 | 231.15 | 230.78 | 231.34 | 231.43 | 231.53 | 0.78 | |
Group D | D21 | 229.68 | 230.49 | 230.84 | 231.48 | 231.65 | 231.78 | 231.78 | 231.37 | 0.74 |
D22 | 228.83 | 230.02 | 230.37 | 230.85 | 230.77 | 230.89 | 231.83 | 230.82 | 0.87 | |
D23 | 229.51 | 230.09 | 230.46 | 231.07 | 231.15 | 231.29 | 231.09 | 230.98 | 0.64 | |
D24 | 228.02 | 228.95 | 229.40 | 229.80 | 229.70 | 229.83 | 229.70 | 229.16 | 0.50 | |
D25 | 229.57 | 230.20 | 230.76 | 231.29 | 231.25 | 231.27 | 230.83 | 230.18 | 0.27 | |
Average | 229.12 | 229.95 | 230.37 | 230.90 | 230.90 | 231.01 | 231.05 | 231.50 | 0.60 | |
Group E | E21 | 224.30 | 225.10 | 225.37 | 226.31 | 226.36 | 226.17 | 226.40 | 226.37 | 0.92 |
E22 | 229.41 | 230.60 | 250.52 | 230.87 | 231.26 | 230.99 | 231.02 | 231.48 | 0.90 | |
E23 | 228.95 | 229.84 | 230.18 | 230.60 | 230.86 | 230.14 | 230.39 | 231.22 | 0.99 | |
E24 | 231.42 | 232.89 | 232.68 | 233.23 | 232.90 | 232.67 | 232.43 | 233.54 | 0.92 | |
E25 | 230.13 | 230.60 | 231.18 | 231.81 | 232.25 | 232.26 | 231.79 | 232.62 | 1.08 | |
Average | 228.84 | 229.81 | 229.99 | 230.56 | 230.73 | 230.45 | 230.41 | 231.05 | 0.96 |
Specimen | Saturated Rock Porosity After Different Freeze-Thaw Cycles % | Change Rate % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | 120 | 140 | ||
E21 | 7.207 | 8.018 | 8.359 | 9.362 | 9.532 | 10.060 | 10.278 | 11.400 | 58.18 |
E22 | 8.156 | 9.317 | 9.382 | 9.842 | 10.352 | 11.140 | 11.674 | 12.518 | 53.48 |
E23 | 7.519 | 8.383 | 8.824 | 9.326 | 9.698 | 10.564 | 9.713 | 11.227 | 49.32 |
E24 | 8.142 | 9.572 | 9.493 | 10.146 | 9.881 | 11.097 | 11.166 | 11.668 | 43.31 |
E25 | 7.910 | 8.417 | 9.104 | 9.728 | 10.278 | 11.145 | 10.570 | 12.202 | 54.26 |
Average Value | 7.787 | 8.741 | 9.032 | 9.681 | 9.948 | 10.801 | 10.680 | 11.803 | 51.71 |
Axial Pre-Compression Stress (MPa) | Average Peak Stress at Different Numbers of Freeze-Thaw Cycles (MPa) | Average Peak Strain at Different Numbers of Freeze-Thaw Cycles | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 20 | 60 | 100 | 140 | 0 | 20 | 60 | 100 | 140 | |
0 | 96.21 | 92.31 | 88.54 | 82.81 | 76.37 | 0.0103 | 0.0106 | 0.011 | 0.0116 | 0.0121 |
15 | 129.58 | 124.8 | 119.67 | 113.08 | 109.24 | 0.0069 | 0.0072 | 0.0081 | 0.0083 | 0.0084 |
35 | 119.48 | 116.64 | 112.96 | 110.35 | 105.15 | 0.0062 | 0.0063 | 0.0064 | 0.0067 | 0.0065 |
55 | 100.11 | 95.95 | 91.29 | 83.80 | 89.41 | 0.0089 | 0.0095 | 0.0100 | 0.0104 | 0.0110 |
Axial Stress | Numbers of Freeze-Thaw Cycles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 20 | 60 | 100 | 140 | |
0 MPa | |||||
15 MPa | |||||
35 MPa | |||||
55 MPa |
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Ke, B.; Zhang, J.; Deng, H.; Yang, X. Dynamic Characteristics of Sandstone under Coupled Static-Dynamic Loads after Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3351. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103351
Ke B, Zhang J, Deng H, Yang X. Dynamic Characteristics of Sandstone under Coupled Static-Dynamic Loads after Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(10):3351. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103351
Chicago/Turabian StyleKe, Bo, Jian Zhang, Hongwei Deng, and Xiangru Yang. 2020. "Dynamic Characteristics of Sandstone under Coupled Static-Dynamic Loads after Freeze-Thaw Cycles" Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3351. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103351