In this chapter, we analyze the data resulting from the application of questionnaire surveys to the study sample, i.e., customers and users of the Porsche luxury car brand.
In this sense, it should be noted that the data were extracted from a set of 146 responses. All the analyses carried out refer to the respective sample, since, given the non-probabilistic nature of the sample, the purpose of this study is not to extrapolate the results, i.e., to generalize the results to the population from which the sample was taken, but rather to identify the relationships between the variables and their respective implications according to the empirical evidence gathered through the responses of all the respondents.
At the same time, the chapter opens a space for the discussion of the results derived from the collection process. This phase also makes it possible to reach conclusions that explain the initial research question and the various hypotheses defined and explained in the conceptual model.
Thus, in the first phase, a socio-demographic analysis of the respondents’ profile is presented, based on descriptive statistics for variables such as gender, age, marital status, and academic qualifications. In the second phase of the process, the data and indicators related to the hypotheses under study are analyzed in order to understand the behavior of the variables associated with them, where hypothesis tests for independent samples were applied, namely the Mann–Whitney test, as well as Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Microsoft Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) programs, version 26.0, were used, with a significance level of 0.05.
9.4. Reliability Testing of the Scales
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the conceptual model scales (
Table 10). This step is essential to ensure the validity of the variables under study and their suitability for statistical analysis (
Marôco 2011). According to
Gliem and Gliem (
2003), Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient generally varies between 0 and 1, and the closer the coefficient is to 1, the greater the internal consistency of the items that make up a given scale. Thus, the internal consistency of the scales being analyzed is assessed, taking into account the following levels defined by
George and Mallery (
2003):
More than 0.9 is excellent;
Between 0.8 and 0.9 is good;
Between 0.7 and 0.8 is acceptable;
Between 0.6 and 0.7 is questionable;
Between 0.5 and 0.6 is poor;
Less than 0.5 is unacceptable.
In view of this, the results obtained for the conceptual model used in this research show that the measurement scales for the variables trust, loyalty, and luxury Brand Attachment have values above 0.9, which means, according to the levels described above, that these variables have excellent scale reliability.
The measurement scale for the Brand Attachment and commitment variables showed values above 0.9 for the sample, which means, according to the levels described above, that this variable has excellent scale reliability.
The measurement scale for the expectations variable shows values of 0.734, which means, according to the levels described above, that this variable has acceptable scale reliability.
The measurement scale for the satisfaction variable shows values of 0.83, which means, according to the levels described above, that this variable has good scale reliability.
In short, all the aforementioned scales have reliability values that are suitable for analyzing the variables using statistical means.
We, thus, have the following interpretation of the scale’s degree of reliability, as shown in
Table 11.
9.5. Descriptive Analysis of the Variables in the Conceptual Model
For an initial analysis of the variables that make up the conceptual model and are the basis for formulating the hypotheses, some descriptive statistical techniques were applied.
The following tables show the relative frequencies for each of the items that make up the scale and, bearing in mind that the scales used are ordinal in nature—Likert (each item contains a statement presenting a favorable opinion with which the respondent could agree or disagree, with a choice of five levels of agreement) and semantic differential—the respective mean, median, and mode are presented as measures of central tendency.
9.5.1. Brand Attachment
The Brand Attachment variable, considered the independent variable of the conceptual model being analyzed and therefore the one to which most importance and attention is given, was measured using a 4-item scale (
Table 12).
In view of the above, it can be concluded that both users and the owners and former owners surveyed have a positive, moderate–high level of emotional bond with the Porsche luxury car brand, developing a relationship with it characterized by feelings such as connection, affection, joy, and comfort.
9.5.2. Satisfaction
The satisfaction variable was measured using a 2-item scale (
Table 13).
In this sense, and also taking into account the percentages of relative frequencies, it can be said that, in general, the variable under study registered positive levels of agreement.
9.5.3. Commitment
As for the commitment variable, this was assessed using seven measurement items (
Table 14).
The respondents have a highly intense sense of commitment to the Porsche luxury car brand, namely in the sense that they are happy to own/use or have owned a Porsche vehicle to the detriment of other available options, and also because they are proud to say that they own/use or have owned a Porsche vehicle, which they care about and are interested in.
9.5.4. Trust
As far as the trust variable is concerned, it was measured using five items (
Table 15).
In this sense, it can be said that the level of agreement with the trust items, namely the notion that the Porsche brand cares about the customer, never lets them down, and is honest and sincere when they ask questions, is still of moderate–high intensity and, in a way, significant for the existence of trust.
9.5.5. Loyalty
With regard to the intention to continue buying a Porsche luxury car in the future by means of other more economical options, respondents show a moderate-to-high level of agreement (see
Table 16).
Thus, with regard to brand loyalty, it can be seen that the level of agreement is higher and is more relevant when it comes to the respondent’s intention to recommend the luxury car brand Porsche to others.
9.5.6. Expectations
The expectations variable was measured using two items, in this case semantic differential items (
Table 17).
As for item 1, the results show that this means that the respondents’ experience of using a Porsche luxury car was better than they initially expected.
For item 2, 39 per cent of respondents chose a scale value of 4, which means that their expectations of the Porsche luxury car brand exceeded their expectations of the reality they had experienced in the meantime.
9.5.7. Luxury Brand Attachment
The luxury Brand Attachment variable was measured using a 7-item scale.
It was created to compare the responses between the Brand Attachment variable—affectivity towards the brand—and the luxury Brand Attachment variable—affectivity towards the luxury brand.
It can be concluded that both users and the owners and former owners surveyed have a positive, moderate–high level of emotional bond with the Porsche luxury car brand, developing a relationship with it characterized by feelings such as connection, affection, joy, and comfort.
Comparing the data obtained through the descriptive statistics of the variables affectivity and affection for the luxury brand, we see that, in both cases, users, owners, and former owners have an affective bond of a moderately high level.
9.6. Evaluation of the Conceptual Model and Hypothesis Testing
This stage of the chapter is based on carrying out an analysis that is based on the application of a statistical test that makes it possible to establish the existence of links between the variables, test the hypotheses represented in the conceptual model, and, from there, draw conclusions from the possible relationships between the variables in question.
It is, therefore, an essential phase for this research, as it will allow us to understand and evaluate the conceptual model under study.
Table 18 shows the Spearman correlation coefficients recorded for the variables in this research’s conceptual model, thus analyzing the relationships established between them. This bivariate statistical analysis made it possible to collect a series of results, which, in turn, made it possible to understand the variation that can be observed through the associations established between the different variables.
Based on these values, the coefficients shown in
Table 19, the first conclusion that can be drawn from the results is that all the associations between the variables are statistically significant, positive with values that oscillate between moderate and strong. Therefore, the null hypothesis can be rejected in all the cases analyzed, i.e., the possibility of not observing any kind of relationship between the variables.
The association between Brand Attachment and satisfaction with the Porsche brand, in turn, shows a relevant and statistically significant value, with rs = 0.611 (p ≤ 0.01). This means that there is a strong, positive relationship between Brand Attachment and respondents’ satisfaction with the Porsche brand. This situation therefore suggests that Brand Attachment can affect customer satisfaction with Porsche and its services, i.e., when Brand Attachment is stronger, Porsche customer satisfaction evolves in the same direction, i.e., it also increases. This confirms Hypothesis 1 (H1):
H1. The stronger the Brand Attachment between the Porsche brand and the Porsche customer, the greater their satisfaction.
With regard to the correlation values between the Brand Attachment and commitment variables, we analyzed that the sample shows correlation values that are considered strong. In fact, the association between these two variables results in a Spearman correlation coefficient (hereinafter referred to as ‘rs’) of 0.693 that is statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01).
In this logic, what the data indicates is that when Brand Attachment increases, the Porsche customer’s commitment to the brand also increases. It is therefore possible to state that the two variables are significantly and positively related, thus confirming Hypothesis 2 (H2):
H2. The stronger the Brand Attachment between the Porsche brand and the customer/user, the greater the customer/user commitment.
The case with the lowest correlation was the association between Brand Attachment and trust in the brand. In this case, the rs = 0.234 (p ≤ 0.01), i.e., weak. Despite this, it can be seen that there is a positive relationship of moderate intensity between the Brand Attachment that respondents have for Porsche and the trust they have in it. Even so, it is important to emphasize that the relationship between Brand Attachment and trust does not have as much impact as that observed, for example, between Brand Attachment and commitment or between commitment and brand loyalty, when the context is, therefore, the relationship between the respondent and the Porsche brand. Thus, the values observed are statistically significant. According to all the above factors, Hypothesis 3 (H3) is confirmed:
H3. The stronger the Brand Attachment between the Porsche brand and the customer, the greater the customer’s trust.
With regard to the association between the variables brand satisfaction and brand loyalty, this shows a value of rs = 0.428 (p ≤ 0.01). In this context, it can be assumed that the two variables are statistically and positively related and that the correlation observed is of moderate intensity. We can therefore conclude that if Porsche customers are more satisfied with the brand, they will also show a higher level of loyalty towards it.
This confirms Hypothesis 4 (H4):
H4. The stronger the customer’s satisfaction with the brand, the greater their loyalty.
Regarding the correlation between the variables commitment and brand loyalty, this association recorded an rs = 0.683 and p ≤ 0.01, i.e., a strong correlation. These are positively connected and related. Thus, respondents who are more committed to the Porsche brand also tend to show high levels of brand loyalty. In addition to this, and taking into account the fact that the correlation is statistically significant, Hypothesis 5 (H5) of this research is confirmed:
H5. The stronger the customer’s commitment to the Porsche brand, the greater their loyalty.
With regard to the association between trust and brand loyalty, it can be concluded that the two variables in question also show a positive and statistically significant correlation, since it registers a value of rs = 0.565 (p ≤ 0.01). The strength of the relationship is considered statistically significant and strong. In this sense, the association suggests that respondents who have greater trust in the Porsche brand also show a greater predisposition towards brand loyalty. With this in mind, Hypothesis 6 (H6) can be confirmed:
H6. The stronger the respondent’s trust in the Porsche brand, the greater their loyalty.
The remaining two associations between the variables, in line with what was stipulated in the conceptual model, obtained lower correlation values, but they are still statistically significant relationships.
In fact, the correlation between the variables expectation and satisfaction shows an rs = 0.234 and p ≤ 0.01, i.e., a weak correlation. It can therefore be inferred that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the two variables in question. Although with a lower correlation value, the association can be considered to be of strong intensity and, since it is a positive value, this means that, from the outset, the respondents who are most satisfied with the Porsche brand tend to be those who had expectations more in line with the reality with which they have already had contact. Hypothesis 7 (H7) is therefore confirmed:
H7. The closer the respondent’s expectations are to the reality of the Porsche brand, the greater their satisfaction.
In this sense, the main conclusion reached is that the seven hypotheses formulated within the framework of the conceptual model are fully confirmed and that, consequently, the relationships established between them can be theoretically explained.
Table 20, as a structured model for testing the hypotheses, summarizes all of the above conclusions.
The table represents the last version of the proposed conceptual model. This definitive version shows the strength of the correlation observed in the different associations between the variables on which the study was centered, according to the links defined by the seven previously stipulated hypotheses, and using, as previously mentioned, Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The model (
Figure 2) also contains a reference to the research context.
Once the proposed analysis had been completed, a mediation analysis was carried out. A variable is a mediator if it affects the relationship between a dependent and independent variable, i.e., if the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is influenced by the level of the mediating variable (
Marôco 2014). Therefore, regression models were used to conduct the analysis of mediators, according to the most widely used methods described in the classic work by
Baron and Kenny (
1986).
The aim was to assess the mediating role of satisfaction between the Brand Attachment variable and loyalty.
The results presented in
Table 20 show a positive and significant direct effect of Brand Attachment on satisfaction (b = 0.67,
p < 0.001) and on loyalty (b = 0.56,
p < 0.001). The indirect effect of satisfaction is statistically significant and positive (EI = 0.14; 95% CI = [0.0349; 0.2764).
Satisfaction therefore plays a mediating role between Brand Attachment and loyalty.
In addition to confirming the hypotheses, the results obtained in this phase, characterized by the analysis of the data, made it possible to answer the original research question, since they made it possible to effectively measure the impact of Brand Attachment on the behavior of customers of the Porsche luxury car brand (
Figure 3).
To conclude this chapter, it should be emphasized that there is indeed a clear relationship between the Brand Attachment that customers of the luxury car brand feel towards the Porsche brand, their commitment to it, and their trust in it, with all the variables evolving in the same direction. Porsche customer (consumer) satisfaction, commitment, and trust are effectively related to Porsche (brand) loyalty. Therefore, Brand Attachment, albeit indirectly, ends up influencing loyalty through the action of satisfaction, commitment, and trust.
In this sense, it can be said that the Porsche brand customers surveyed are more emotionally and affectively connected to the Porsche brand; those who show a greater and more intense level of Brand Attachment tend to be those who are also more satisfied, committed, and confident with the Porsche brand.
Consequently, they become more loyal. It should be noted that this conclusion is particularly relevant when it comes to the issue of commitment, since its association with Brand Attachment is very strong indeed. This translates into a relational influence on the part of both indicators (Brand Attachment and commitment) that can lead to brand loyalty.
The following chapter contains the general conclusions of the study, which were reached through all the work of exploration, analysis, and reflection described above. The chapter also closes with a reference to the study’s limitations, relevant academic contributions, and suggestions for future research.