Shaping the Future of Destinations: New Clues to Smart Tourism Research from a Neuroscience Methods Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Neuroscientific Methods and Tourism—The Role of Technology
2.2. Shaping Future Destination—Smart Tourism Experiences and Neuroscientific Methods Approaches
3. Methods, Techniques and Procedures
3.1. Methods and Techniques Used
3.2. Data Collection and Organization
4. Findings and Discussion Results
4.1. The Interconnection of the Most Relevant Topics That Use Neuroscientific Methods in Smart Tourism
4.2. The Research Networks Using Neuroscientific Methods in Smart Tourism
4.3. Neuroscientific Methods and Metrics Applied to Shaping the Future of Destination with a View to Smart Tourism
4.4. Limitations, Theoretical and Practical Implications and Future Research Directions
“City authorities increasingly favor new data-driven and technology-enabled approaches to governing smart cities, with the aim that governments will be enabled to pursue evidence-based urban well-being policies. Yet there are few signs that our cities are undergoing the transformative, structural changes necessary to promote well-being” (p. 1936).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | What Can Be Studied | Mobility (for Marketing Studies) |
---|---|---|
EEG with many electrodes (>32) | Emotion, memory, attention, engagement | Not optimal, but possible |
EEG with few electrodes | Emotion, engagement | Possible |
fMRI | Emotion, memory, attention, engagement, pricing, reward, pain | Impossible |
TMS [transcranial magnetic stimulation] | Accessibility to functions such as emotions, cognition, and executive functions | Not used previously; possible but is not necessary |
Surveys | Subjective/perceived emotion, memory, subject/perceived engagement, estimated willingness to pay and answer to any possible question involving self-perception, response time | Possible |
IAT [Implicit Association Test] | Associations, response time | Impossible |
Eye tracking [ET] | Arousal, engagement, response time, attention, low-level features, recognition content-salient features | Possible |
Facial coding | Emotion | Possible |
Skin conductance [SC] | Arousal | Possible |
Wearable devices | Location, movement, as proxies for some emotion; ultimately, non-neural | Possible |
Electrophysiology | Emotion, attention, memory, engagement, pain, reward, willingness to pay, associations, decision-making processes, unconscious processes | Impossible |
Halos (f = frequency) | Scientific Evidence |
---|---|
1.Study (f = 192) | In the search for neuroscientific methods applied in tourism research, a relevant finding word was destination (f = 134). Therefore, it is relevant to consider this textual corpus to shape the future of the destination in the perspective of smart tourism, achieving the main goal of this paper. |
2. Tourism (f = 165) | It became evident that emotion (f = 113) as a new frontier of the research (f = 96) on touristic experience (f = 89) is the hot topic, as related by Moyle et al. (2019). |
3. Tourist (f= 149) | The visual (131) attention (f = 126) in halo three, the significance of tourist’s gaze was one of the most important aspects to shaping the future of tourism destinations from a neuroscientific methods perspectives. |
4. Eye (f = 96) track (f = 93) | Eye tracking (f = 96) and track (f = 93) highlight issues related to experimentation, design and analysis. This technology can be mobile or fixed and, in certain cases, incorporates virtual reality and augmented reality possibilities. Therefore, the tourist gaze is validated as a significant facet of this textual corpus. The use of gaze-tracking technology should therefore be central to shaping the future of destinations in a smart tourism approach. |
5. Emotional (f = 75) response (f = 64) | Another aspect of defining the future of smart tourism destinations includes studies that measure emotional responses (f = 75). If a smart destination offers a smart tourism experience, emotional responses become crucial in planning and managing its future. |
Affiliation | Articles |
---|---|
Griffith University, Australia | 9 |
Sun Yat-Sen University, China | 7 |
Algarve University, Portugal | 7 |
Granada University, Spain | 6 |
Asia University, China | 5 |
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China | 5 |
Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates | 5 |
Breda University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands | 4 |
Shandong University, China | 4 |
California University, USA | 4 |
Top | Neuroscientific Methods | (f) | Immersive and Biometric Technologies | (f) | Constructs | (f) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1º | Eye Tracking | 53 | Virtual Reality | 8 | Attention | 48 |
2º | Heart Rate | 22 | Facial Expressions | 6 | Preference | 19 |
3º | Electroencephalography | 10 | Facereader™ | 3 | Arousal | 14 |
4º | Skin Conductance | 8 | Augmented Reality (ar) | 1 | Engagement | 9 |
5º | Electrodermal Activity | 4 | Face Reader—Eye Movement | 1 | Valence | 2 |
6º | FmRI | 4 | Facial Emotion | 1 | Attachment | 1 |
7º | Facial Electromyography | 2 | Facial-Expression Recognition | 1 | Behavioral | 1 |
8º | Blood Pressure | 1 | Mood and Facial Expressions | 1 | Emotion | 1 |
9º | Brain Scanning | 1 | Online Survey | 1 | Emotions | 1 |
10º | Corticosterone Levels | 1 | The-Art Computer Vision Techniques | 1 | Evaluation | 1 |
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Cardoso, L.; Fraga, C. Shaping the Future of Destinations: New Clues to Smart Tourism Research from a Neuroscience Methods Approach. Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14060106
Cardoso L, Fraga C. Shaping the Future of Destinations: New Clues to Smart Tourism Research from a Neuroscience Methods Approach. Administrative Sciences. 2024; 14(6):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14060106
Chicago/Turabian StyleCardoso, Lucília, and Carla Fraga. 2024. "Shaping the Future of Destinations: New Clues to Smart Tourism Research from a Neuroscience Methods Approach" Administrative Sciences 14, no. 6: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14060106