Toxicity of Formulated Systemic Insecticides Used in Apple Orchard Pest Management Programs to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera (L.))
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects and Experimental Design
2.2. Pesticide Treatments
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product (Active Ingredient) | n ‡ | Slope ± SE | LC50 (ppm) (95% CL) | LC90 (ppm) (95% CL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Assail (acetamiprid) | 225 | 3.58 ± 0.41 | 59.93 (48.51–74.92) | 136.77 (103.57–218.05) |
* Actara (thiamethoxam) | 135 | - | - | - |
Closer (sulfoxaflor) | 180 | 4.39 ± 0.55 | 77.32 (60.85–98.32) | 151.37 (115.21–259.39) |
Sivanto (flupyradifurone) | 180 | 3.69 ± 0.97 | 214.96 (167.77–406.45) | 477.85 (294.85–2025.36) |
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Heller, S.; Fine, J.; Phan, N.T.; Rajotte, E.G.; Biddinger, D.J.; Joshi, N.K. Toxicity of Formulated Systemic Insecticides Used in Apple Orchard Pest Management Programs to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera (L.)). Environments 2022, 9, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9070090
Heller S, Fine J, Phan NT, Rajotte EG, Biddinger DJ, Joshi NK. Toxicity of Formulated Systemic Insecticides Used in Apple Orchard Pest Management Programs to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera (L.)). Environments. 2022; 9(7):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9070090
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeller, Sarah, Julia Fine, Ngoc T. Phan, Edwin G. Rajotte, David J. Biddinger, and Neelendra K. Joshi. 2022. "Toxicity of Formulated Systemic Insecticides Used in Apple Orchard Pest Management Programs to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera (L.))" Environments 9, no. 7: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments9070090