Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Number of Publications by Year
3.2. Study Locations
3.3. University Affiliations and First Authorship
3.4. Study Focus
3.5. Methodology
4. Discussion and Future Research Directions
4.1. Geographic Focus
4.2. Study Focus
4.3. Management Implications
4.4. Conceptualizing the Relationship between Nature-Based Tourists and Recreationists and the Natural Environment
4.5. Methodological Approach
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year of Publication | JOST | TM | JEM | EM | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1976–1982 | - | - | - | 9 | 9 |
1983–1988 | - | - | - | 4 | 4 |
1989–1994 | - | - | - | 3 | 3 |
1995–2000 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
2001–2010 | 14 | 12 | 17 | 13 | 56 |
2011–2017 | 12 | 13 | 22 | 16 | 63 |
Total | 33 | 26 | 40 | 46 | 145 |
Author | University | Instance | Weighted Instance |
---|---|---|---|
Pickering, C. M. | Griffith University | 6 | 8.2 |
Cole, D. V. | Forestry Science Laboratory, Montana | 4 | 5.4 |
Wolf, I. D. | University of New South Wales | 4 | 5.4 |
Ballantyne, M. | Griffith University | 3 | 4.1 |
Bratton, S. P. | Upland Field Research Laboratory, USA | 3 | 4.1 |
Lucrezi, S. | North-West University, South Africa | 2 | 2.7 |
Kim, M. | Marshall University | 2 | 2.7 |
Sun, D. | Griffith University | 2 | 2.7 |
Wimpey, J. | Virginia Tech | 2 | 2.7 |
Moore, S. A. | Murdoch University | 2 | 2.7 |
Oram, M. B. | Massey University | 2 | 2.7 |
Perez-Maqueo, O. | Institute of Ecology, Mexico | 2 | 2.7 |
Number of Authors | JOST | TM | JEM | EM |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single author | 6 | 4 | - | 9 |
Two authors | 15 | 10 | 20 | 13 |
Three authors | 5 | 9 | 10 | 17 |
Four or more authors | 7 | 3 | 10 | 7 |
Total | 33 | 26 | 40 | 46 |
Study Area | JOST | TM | JEM | EM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | ||
Terrestrial Activities | ||||||||
Walking/Hiking | 4 | 12.1 | 4 | 15.3 | 19 | 47.5 | 13 | 28.3 |
Camping | 2 | 6.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 1 | 2.5 | 10 | 21.8 |
Biking | 2 | 6.0 | - | - | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2.2 |
Vehicle track/Driving | - | - | - | - | 1 | 2.5 | 6 | 13.0 |
Littering | 1 | 3.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Caving | - | - | - | - | 1 | 2.5 | - | - |
Wildlife viewing | 3 | 9.0 | 8 | 30.7 | 3 | 7.5 | 2 | 4.3 |
Aquatic Activities | ||||||||
Diving | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | - | - | 4 | 8.7 |
Rafting | 1 | 3.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Boating impacts | - | - | - | - | 1 | 2.5 | - | - |
Resource Focus | ||||||||
Natural area/Protected area | 6 | 18.1 | 6 | 23.0 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 10.8 |
Soil, water, air | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Marine | - | - | 1 | 3.9 | 3 | 7.5 | 5 | 10.8 |
Natural heritage | 1 | 3.0 | 1 | 3.9 | - | - | - | - |
Mountain region | - | - | 1 | 3.9 | - | - | - | - |
Special Interest Subjects | ||||||||
Overcrowding | 7 | 21.2 | 1 | 3.9 | - | - | - | - |
Climate change | - | - | 1 | 3.9 | - | - | - | - |
Reviews | ||||||||
Vegetation | - | - | - | - | 7 | 17.5 | - | - |
Wildlife viewing | - | - | 2 | 7.6 | - | - | - | - |
Total | 33 | 100 | 26 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 46 | 100 |
* Methodology | JOST | TM | JEM | EM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | n | % | N | % | |||
Qualitative | 14 | 42.4 | 2 | 7.7 | 6 | 15.0 | 3 | 6.3 |
Quantitative | 10 | 33.3 | 22 | 84.6 | 21 | 52.5 | 41 | 85.5 |
Hybrid | 6 | 18.8 | - | - | 4 | 10.0 | 2 | 4.1 |
Reviewing | - | - | 2 | 7.7 | 7 | 17.5 | 2 | 4.1 |
Mixed methods | 3 | 9.0 | - | - | 2 | 5 | - | - |
Total | 33 | 100 | 26 | 100 | 40 | 100 | 48 | 100 |
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Sumanapala, D.; Wolf, I.D. Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis. Environments 2019, 6, 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6070081
Sumanapala D, Wolf ID. Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis. Environments. 2019; 6(7):81. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6070081
Chicago/Turabian StyleSumanapala, Daminda, and Isabelle D. Wolf. 2019. "Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis" Environments 6, no. 7: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6070081
APA StyleSumanapala, D., & Wolf, I. D. (2019). Recreational Ecology: A Review of Research and Gap Analysis. Environments, 6(7), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6070081