Study on the Appraisal of Tourism Demands and Recreation Benefits for Nanwan Beach, Kenting, Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Object of Study and Methodology
3.1. Object of Study
3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Travel Cost Model
3.2.2. The Empirical Model for Tourism Demand
3.2.3. Research Tools
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Distribution and Response of Questionnaires
4.2. Demographic Composition of Tourists
4.3. Tourist’s Recreational Behaviors and Travel Expense
4.4. Tourist’s Level of Satisfaction and Intention of Revisit
4.5. Empirical Model for Tourism Demands
4.6. Analysis of Recreation Benefits
5. Conclusions and Suggestion
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Segment | Subsegment | % | Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male Female | 43.3 56.7 | - |
Age (year) | <20 20–30 31–40 41–50 >50 | 23.4 51.3 17.9 6.4 1.0 | 26.9 |
Educational background | Junior high school or below High school/vocational school University/junior college Masters/Ph.D. | 3.3 18.7 68.1 9.9 | - |
Marital status | Unmarried Married | 76.4 23.6 | - |
Occupation | Student Military/Teacher/Civil servant Medical or self-employed Industrial/commercial services Homemaker/retired/unemployed Agricultural/forestry/fishery/husbandry/other | 45.4 6.6 5.4 31.7 4.3 6.6 | - |
Personal monthly income (NT$) | ≤10,000 10,001–20,000 20,001–30,000 30,001–40,000 40,001–50,000 50,001–60,000 ≥60,001 | 44.2 11.1 16.8 12.1 8.5 3.8 3.5 | 20,544.3 |
Work days per month | <10 10–15 15–20 21–25 ≥26 | 29.6 8.3 12.1 39.3 10.7 | 16.8 |
Average household monthly income (NT$) | ≤20,000 20,001–30,000 30,001–40,000 40,001–50,000 50,001–70,000 70,001–100,000 ≥100,001 | 5.7 13.6 12.5 11.5 22.2 19.1 15.4 | 63,121.3 |
Place of residence | Northern Taiwan Central Taiwan Southern Taiwan Eastern Taiwan Outlying islands | 30.5 23.4 43.2 1.0 1.9 | - |
Item | Answer | % | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of visits | 1 2 3 4 ≥5 | 51.3 25.1 11.6 1.6 10.4 | 1.9 | 1.2 |
Travel time (h) | <2 2–4 4–6 6–8 >8 | 15.6 44.5 23.1 15.1 1.7 | 4.0 | 1.9 |
Transportation expenses (NT$) | ≤500 501–1000 1001–1500 1501–2000 2001–3000 >3001 | 14.6 25.8 17.6 13.3 13.3 15.4 | 1724.6 | 1222.1 |
Duration of stay | <2 h 2–4 h 4–6 h 6–8 h 1 day ≥2 days | 7.4 16.6 10.1 3.8 28.1 34.0 | 18.1 | 13.9 |
Accommodation and food expenses (NT$) | ≤500 501–1000 1001–1500 1501–2000 2001–3000 ≥3001 | 8.0 20.4 19.6 16.3 15.9 19.8 | 2004.9 | 1247.0 |
Other expenses (NT$) | ≤500 501–1000 1001–1500 1501–2000 2001–3000 ≥3001 | 15.6 26.7 22.2 11.3 10.2 14.0 | 1613.1 | 1193.5 |
Item | Answer | % | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall satisfaction | Very satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied | 10.1 51.8 36.5 1.4 0.2 | 3.7 | 0.7 |
Willingness to return to Nanwan for more beach activities | Very high High Neutral Low Very low | 17.9 57.7 23.7 0.7 0.0 | 3.9 | 0.7 |
Willingness to recommend Nanwan to friends and relatives | Very high High Neutral Low Very low | 17.9 58.9 21.8 1.2 0.2 | 3.9 | 0.7 |
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Overall satisfaction | --- | 0.638 *** | 0.638 *** |
2. Willingness to return to Nanwan for more beach activities | --- | 0.784 *** | |
3. Willingness to recommend Nanwan to friends and relatives | --- |
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
Gender | Dummy variable for gender; 1 represents “female” and 0 represents “male” |
Age | Age (year) |
Eud1 | Dummy variable for educational background; 1 represents “university/junior college”, and 0 represents “others” |
Eud2 | Dummy variable for educational background; 1 represents “Masters/Ph.D.”, and 0 represents “others” |
Marry | Dummy variable for marital status; 1 represents “married” and 0 represents “unmarried” |
F-Income | Average household monthly income (NT$) |
P | Average travel cost per trip (NT$) |
Satisfy | Level of satisfaction; 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 represent “very satisfied”, “satisfied”, “neutral”, “dissatisfied”, and “very dissatisfied”, respectively |
TPOIS | TNB | On-Site POIS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Travel cost and socioeconomic variables | Constant term | 4.23 × 10−1 (1.10) | 2.95 × 10−1 (0.72) | −4.90 × 10−2 (−1.17) |
Gender | −1.68 × 10−1 (−1.80) * | −1.69 × 10−1 (−1.65) * | −1.99 × 10−1 (−1.96) * | |
Age | −1.79 × 10−2 (−2.03) ** | −1.85 × 10−2 (−2.21) ** | −2.10 × 10−2 (−2.20) ** | |
Edu1 | −6.63 × 10−2 (−0.56) | −5.47 × 10−2 (−0.43) | −7.77 × 10−2 (−0.61) | |
Edu2 | 4.24 × 10−1 (2.51) ** | 4.11 × 10−1 (2.20) ** | 5.06 × 10−1 (2.74) *** | |
Marry | 4.03 × 10−1 (2.788) *** | 4.38 × 10−1 (2.69) *** | 4.75 × 10−1 (3.01) *** | |
F-Income | 2.52 × 10−6 (1.68) * | 2.72 × 10−6 (1.64) | 2.97 × 10−6 (1.82) * | |
P | −4.65 × 10−5 (−2.69) *** | −4.70 × 10−5 (−2.80) *** | −5.46 × 10−5 (−2.92) *** | |
Satisfy | 1.37 × 10−1 (1.91) * | 1.56 × 10−1 (1.89) * | 1.61 × 10−1 (2.07) ** | |
Log-likelihood | −586.10 | −581.39 | −599.93 | |
Restricted logLikelihood | −697.13 | −586.10 | −619.47 | |
Chi-squared | 222.06 *** | 9.43 ** | 39.08 *** | |
1.46 × 10−1(1.31) |
Item | Coefficient | Average Travel Cost Per Person (Average Household Monthly Income) | Elasticity of Demand | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model | ||||
P | −5.46 × 10−5 | 6029 | −0.329 | |
F-Income | 2.97 × 10−6 | 63,121 | 0.187 |
Model | TPOIS | On-Site POIS | |
---|---|---|---|
Indicator | |||
CS (NT$/person/year) | 21,505 | 18,315 | |
95% confidence interval (NT$/person/year) | (19,163~23,848) | (16,320~20,310) | |
CV (NT$/person/year) | 22,110 | 18,832 | |
95% confidence interval (NT$/person/year) | (19,344~24,877) | (16,474~21,190) | |
EV (NT$/person/year) | 20,943 | 17,834 | |
95% confidence interval (NT$/person/year) | (18,896~22,990) | (16,092~19,577) |
Paired Samples | Mean | SD | t |
---|---|---|---|
CS (TPOIS—On-Site POIS) | 6016.10 | 3782.17 | 33.93 *** |
CV (TPOIS—On-Site POIS) | 6496.51 | 4448.52 | 31.15 *** |
EV (TPOIS—On-Site POIS) | 5640.60 | 3313.82 | 36.31 *** |
Paired Samples | Mean | SD | t |
---|---|---|---|
CS—CV | −3320.62 | 4754.29 | −14.90 *** |
CS—EV | 2580.65 | 3295.16 | 16.71 *** |
CV—EV | 5901.27 | 8045.71 | 15.65 *** |
Paired Samples | Mean | SD | t |
---|---|---|---|
CS—CV | −2840.21 | 4067.61 | −14.89 *** |
CS—EV | 2205.15 | 2815.23 | 16.71 *** |
CV—EV | 5045.36 | 6879.62 | 15.64 *** |
Researchers | Object of Study | CS | Willingness to Pay | Estimation Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leeworthy & Wiley [49] | Beaches in California, United States | 12.16–217.64 US$/person/visit (Pendleton et al. [50] changed the base year price of this study to that of 2005) | --- | TCM |
Bin et al. [51] | Beaches in North Carolina, United States | 11–80 US$/person/visit (base-year price of 2003) | --- | TCM |
Lew & Larson [24] | Beaches in San Diego, United States | 28.27 US$/person/visit (base-year price of 2001) | --- | TCM |
Blackwell [25] | Beaches in Queensland, Australia | 119.95 AU$/person/visit (base-year price of 2000) | --- | TCM |
Chen, W. J. and Liaw, S. C. [39] | Waiao Beach, Taiwan | --- | 552.97 NT$/person/visit | CVM |
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Dong, C.-M.; Lin, C.-C.; Lin, S.-P. Study on the Appraisal of Tourism Demands and Recreation Benefits for Nanwan Beach, Kenting, Taiwan. Environments 2018, 5, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5090097
Dong C-M, Lin C-C, Lin S-P. Study on the Appraisal of Tourism Demands and Recreation Benefits for Nanwan Beach, Kenting, Taiwan. Environments. 2018; 5(9):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5090097
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Chih-Ming, Chien-Chi Lin, and Shu-Ping Lin. 2018. "Study on the Appraisal of Tourism Demands and Recreation Benefits for Nanwan Beach, Kenting, Taiwan" Environments 5, no. 9: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5090097