1. Introduction
Immune & Endocrine Dysregulation in ASD & GJH
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Survey
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Immune-Mediated Disorders
3.2. Hormone Disorders
3.3. The Relationship between Immune- & Hormone-Mediated Symptoms
4. Discussion
4.1. Immune-Mediated Disorders in Association with Connective Tissue Disorders
4.2. The Effects of Estrogen on Collagen Production & the Immune System
4.3. Autism & Generalized Joint Hypermobility
… chronic aberrant elaboration of a particular set of mediators (drawn from amongst the mast cell’s repertoire of more than 200 such molecular signals) not only [influences] virtually every other system and organ in the body but also [influences] connective tissue development to yield the “hyperextensible” phenotype long associated with EDS Type III [(hypermobile type)].(p. 138)
4.4. The Etiology of Autism
4.5. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Generalized Joint Hypermobility-Related Diagnoses | Description |
---|---|
Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS)—Formerly known as EDS, Hypermobile Type, or EDS Type III. |
|
Classical Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (cEDS)—Also known as EDS Type I. |
|
Generalized Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (G-HSD) - Formerly known as “non-benign” JHS. |
|
* Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS)—Divided into “benign” and “non-benign” forms. Diagnosis now in disuse as of 2017. |
|
Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD) | Composed of:
|
Asymptomatic Joint Hypermobility |
|
Marfan Syndrome (MFS) |
|
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome (LDS) |
|
Immune Symptomology | ASD (N = 85) | ASD/EDS (N = 20) | General Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|
Allergies | 45% | 60% | 30% in adults [23] |
Asthma | 33% | 60% | 8.4% in general population [24] |
Autoimmunity | 13% | 45% * | 7.6–9.4% in general population [25] |
Chronic Ear Infections | 40% | 65% | 83% with ≥1 incidents between 0–3 years of age [26] 11% with ≥1 incidents of all ages [27] |
Chronic Rhinitis | 38% | 60% | 8% in adults [28] |
Chronic Sinusitis | 46% | 60% | 8% in adults [28] |
Severe Reaction to Medications | 35% | 65% | 10–15% of hospitalized patients [29] |
Severe Reaction to Environmental Chemicals | 39% | 65% | 13–16% in adults [30] |
Endocrine Symptomology | ASD (N = 85) | ASD/EDS (N = 20) | General Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|
Adult Acne | 21% | 35% | 35% in women ages 30–39 [36] |
Amenorrhea | 39% | 45% | 4.6% in women ages 15–44 [37] |
Diabetes/Insulin Resistance | 6% | 10% | 7.9% in adults [38] |
Dysmenorrhea | 28% | 85% * | 2–29% in adult women [39] |
Endometriosis | 5% | 30% * | 4% in women [40] |
High LDL Cholesterol | 14% | 30% | 28% in adults [41] |
Hirsutism | 19% | 30% | 10% in adult women [42] |
Hypertension | 14% | 20% | 29.1% in adults [43] |
Infertility | 8% | 15% | 6% [44] |
Irregular Menstruation | 27% | 55% | 18.2% in adult women [45] |
Overweight/Obesity | 36% | 45% | 70.7% aged 20+ years [46] |
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | 8% | 25% | 7.3% in adult women [47] |
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) | 21% | 30% | 3–8% of premenopausal women [48] |
Severe Teen Acne | 14% | 45% * | 12.1% in males and females aged 17 [49] |
Uterine Fibroids | 9% | 5% | 4.5–9.8% in adult women aged 40–49 [50] |
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