Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Healthy Aging Perception Scale in Older People with Chronic Diseases
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Sampling
2.2. Design and Instrument
2.3. Translation and Cultural Adaptation
2.4. Psychometric Evaluation of the Scale
2.4.1. Content Validity
2.4.2. Pilot Study
2.4.3. Construct Validity
2.4.4. Reliability of the Scale
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The General Demographics of Older Adults
3.2. Analysis of Psychometric Properties
3.2.1. Content Validity
3.2.2. Construct Validity
3.2.3. Internal Consistency
3.2.4. Test–Retest Reliability
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EFA | Exploratory factor analysis |
CFA | Confirmatory factor analysis |
ICC | Intraclass correlation coefficient |
RMSEA | Root mean square error of approximation |
GFI | Goodness-of-fit index |
AGFI | Adjusted goodness-of-fit index |
TLI | Tucker–Lewis index |
CFI | Comparative fit index |
IFI | Incremental fit index |
PGFI | parsimonious goodness-of-fit index |
PNFI | parsimonious normed-of-fit index |
References
- Alavi, M., Visentin, D. C., Thapa, D. K., Hunt, G. E., Watson, R., & Cleary, M. (2020). Chi-square for model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(9), 2209–2211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alpar, R. (2018). Applied statistics and validity-reliability with examples from sports, health and education sciences. Detay Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Bacsu, J., Jeffery, B., Abonyi, S., Johnson, S., Novik, N., Martz, D., & Oosman, S. (2014). Healthy aging in place: Perceptions of rural older adults. Educational Gerontology, 40(5), 327–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brislin, R. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Bryant, F. B., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In L. G. Grimm, & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp. 99–136). American Psycholgical Association Books. [Google Scholar]
- Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2005). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS 12 and 13: A guide for social scientists. Routledge. Available online: https://www.routledge.com/Quantitative-Data-Analysis-with-SPSS-12-and-13-A-Guide-for-Social-Scientists/Bryman-Cramer/p/book/9780415340809 (accessed on 10 February 2025).
- Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (p. 396). Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. [Google Scholar]
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications in Turkey (5th ed.). Pegem Academy Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guell, C., Shefer, G., Griffin, S., & Ogilvie, D. (2016). Keeping your body and mind active’: An ethnographic study of aspirations for healthy ageing. BMJ Open, 6(1), e009973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (p. 785). Pearson Education Limited. Available online: https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Multivariate_Data_Analysis.html?id=JlRaAAAAYAAJ&pgis=1 (accessed on 13 March 2025).
- Kahveci, M., & Yeniçeri, N. (2023). Değişen dünyada yaşlılık. İzmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Health Science Journal, 8(2), 593–599. [Google Scholar]
- Kızılkaya, M., & Atuğ, M. (2023). Views of family members who take care of an elderly person they live with on ageism, spirituality and death in Turkey: A qualitative approach. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(5), 3095–3109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koyuncu, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2019). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanımı: Bir doküman incelemesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44(198), 361–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minarti, M., & Kastubi, K. (2019). Islamic spiritual wellbeing among elders. Aloha International Journal of Multidisciplinary Advancement (AIJMU), 1(2), 35–38. [Google Scholar]
- Özdamar, K. (2017). Eğitim, sağlık ve davranış bilimlerinde ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Nisan Yayınevi. [Google Scholar]
- Pallant, P. (2017). SPSS kullanma kılavuzu SPSS ile adım adım veri analizi. Anı Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (p. 796). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Available online: https://books.google.com/books/about/Nursing_Research.html?hl=tr&id=Ej3wstotgkQC (accessed on 10 February 2025).
- Rappaport, L. M., Amstadter, A. B., & Neale, M. C. (2020). Model fit estimation for multilevel structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(2), 318–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabatini, S., Rupprecht, F., Kaspar, R., Klusmann, V., Kornadt, A., Nikitin, J., Schönstein, A., Stephan, Y., Wettstein, M., Wurm, S., Diehl, M., & Wahl, H. W. (2024). Successful aging and subjective aging: Toward a framework to research a neglected connection. The Gerontologist, 65(1), gnae051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seah, B., Espnes, G. A., Ang, E. N. K., Lim, J. Y., Kowitlawakul, Y., & Wang, W. (2021). Achieving healthy ageing through the perspective of sense of coherence among senior-only households: A qualitative study. Aging & Mental Health, 25(5), 936–945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seçer, İ. (2018). Psychological test development and adaptation process: SPSS and LISREL applications (2nd ed.). Anı Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Sönmez, S., & Çevik, C. (2021). Yaşlılık ve sağlıkta eşitsizlikler. Humanistic Perspective, 3(2), 496–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Şeker, A., & Kurt, G. (2018). Bir sosyal politika alani olarak yaşlılık ve sosyal hizmet uygulamaları. The Turkish Journal of Population Studies, 40, 7–30. [Google Scholar]
- Türkkan, A. (2021). Yaşlılarda sık görülen sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlar. Türkiye Klinikleri Halk Sağlığı, 7(2), 6–9. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations Digital Library. (2019). World population aging. Available online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3907988/?ln=en&v=pdf (accessed on 15 March 2025).
- Waites, C. E., & Onolemhemhen, D. N. (2014). Perceptions of healthy aging among African-American and Ethiopian elders. Ageing International, 39(4), 369–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O., & Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer Publishing Company. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.-R., Lee, H.-F., Hsieh, P.-L., & Chen, C.-M. (2023). Development of the healthy aging perspectives questionnaire among older adults with chronic disease in Taiwan. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2023, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. (2015). World report on aging and health. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565042 (accessed on 10 February 2025).
- WHO. (2020). Decade of healthy ageing 2021–2030. Available online: https://www.who.int/initiatives/decade-of-healthy-ageing (accessed on 10 February 2025).
- WHO. (2024). Ageing-and-health. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health (accessed on 10 February 2025).
- Yerli, G. (2017). Characteristics of ageing period and social works for the elderly. The Journal of International Social Research, 10(52), 1278–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Participants in EFA (n = 210) | Participants in CFA (n = 214) | t/χ2 (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Age | 71.60 ± 6.83 | 70.05 ± 7.54 | 1.148 (0.285) | ||
Number of chronic diseases | 2.14 ± 0.47 | 2.56 ± 1.07 | 0.473 (0.563) | ||
n | % | n | % | ||
Gender | |||||
Men | 82 | 39.0 | 83 | 40.7 | 0.116 (0.764) |
Women | 128 | 61.0 | 121 | 59.3 | |
Education | |||||
Illiterate | 64 | 30.5 | 48 | 23.5 | 3.127 (0.209) |
Primary education | 122 | 58.1 | 125 | 61.3 | |
High school and above | 24 | 11.4 | 31 | 15.2 | |
Married | |||||
Married | 178 | 84.8 | 188 | 92.2 | 1.521 (0.910) |
Single | 32 | 15.2 | 16 | 7.8 | |
Income | 1.205 (0.720) | ||||
Less | 98 | 46.7 | 71 | 34.8 | |
Middle | 96 | 45.7 | 120 | 58.8 | |
Very much | 16 | 7.6 | 13 | 6.4 | |
Employment Status | 1.745 (0.900) | ||||
Yes | 6 | 2.9 | 18 | 8.8 | |
No | 204 | 97.1 | 186 | 91.2 | |
X ± SS | |||||
Healthy aging perspectives questionnaire (HAPQ) | 3.47 ± 0.54 | ||||
Physical and psychological changes caused by disease | 3.55 ± 1.03 | ||||
Living environment changes caused by the disease | 3.60 ± 0.79 | ||||
Social relationship changes caused by the disease | 3.43 ± 0.85 | ||||
Changes in family life caused by the disease | 3.28 ± 0.89 |
Items | F 1 | F 2 | F 3 | F 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
I1—Do you think your physical strength is getting worse after having the chronic disease? | 0.834 | |||
I2—Do you think you cannot do whatever you want as you used to after having the chronic disease? | 0.821 | |||
I3—Do you think the disease has brought you some trouble in your daily life? | 0.870 | |||
I4—Do you think the long-term and regular medication for the disease has brought you some trouble? | 0.745 | |||
I5—Do you think that even with regular medication, it is still impossible to control the changes in the disease? | 0.572 | |||
I7—Do you accept the doctor’s instruction and change your lifestyle for the disease? | 0.566 | |||
I8—Would you change your lifestyle and start regular exercise or proper diets for the disease? | 0.737 | |||
I9—Would you use appropriate aids for the disease, such as crutches, walkers or other aids to help yourself? | 0.645 | |||
I10—Will you learn new things depending on your conditions? | 0.809 | |||
I16—Did your family help improve the environment and space to make your life easier because of the disease? | 0.707 | |||
I13—Will changes in your relatives’ or friends’ diseases influence your thoughts on life? | 0.743 | |||
I14—Do you feel needed from the process of serving the society or your family members? | 0.654 | |||
I15—Do you feel satisfied from the process of serving the society or your family members? | 0.649 | |||
I11—Do you think that you spent too much time on work when you were young and now at an older age, you should spare more time to arrange your life? | 0.787 | |||
I12—Do you think that there is no need to hold on to unhappy things at an older age? | 0.770 | |||
I17—Do you feel happier when staying out of your child/children’s business? | 0.722 | |||
I18—Do you think that when you are older, you will learn to shift the focus of your life from the child/children to yourself? | 0.752 | |||
I19—Do you think husband and wife should arrange common activities? | 0.637 | |||
Eigenvalue | 5.532 | 3.050 | 1.839 | 1.211 |
Explained variance (%) | 21.984 | 17.610 | 16.631 | 8.394 |
Total explained variance (%) | 64.619 |
Factors | Items | Estimate | S.E. | Critical Ratio | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I1 | 0.800 | 9.46 | 0.84 | 0.52 | |
I2 | 0.727 | 0.053 | 9.43 | |||
I3 | 0.885 | 0.055 | 9.59 | |||
I4 | 0.654 | 0.058 | 10.12 | |||
I5 | 0.496 | 0.062 | 8.47 | |||
2 | I7 | 0.626 | 9.91 | 0.80 | 0.47 | |
I8 | 0.596 | 0.083 | 8.85 | |||
I9 | 0.485 | 0.086 | 9.51 | |||
I10 | 0.826 | 0.089 | 9.88 | |||
I16 | 0.791 | 10.22 | ||||
3 | I13 | 0.729 | 0.064 | 10.27 | 0.67 | 0.43 |
I14 | 0.349 | 0.063 | 10.20 | |||
I15 | 0.636 | 10.07 | ||||
4 | I11 | 0.632 | 0.07 | 13.12 | 0.80 | 0.45 |
I12 | 0.811 | 0.09 | 9.78 | |||
I17 | 0.706 | 0.095 | 10.28 | |||
I18 | 0.777 | 0.097 | 13.12 | |||
I19 | 0.558 | 0.083 | 10.53 | |||
Fitness index | CMIN/DF | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | NFI | GFI |
Reference value | <3.0 | <0.08 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 |
Model | 2.834 | 0.05 | 0.929 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.90 |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | 1 | |||
Factor 2 | 0.314 * | 1 | ||
Factor 3 | 0.360 ** | 0.583 ** | 1 | |
Factor 4 | 0.346 ** | 0.437 ** | 0.712 ** | 1 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Türkoğlu, N.; Kılınç, N.Ö.; Kavuran, E. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Healthy Aging Perception Scale in Older People with Chronic Diseases. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081048
Türkoğlu N, Kılınç NÖ, Kavuran E. Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Healthy Aging Perception Scale in Older People with Chronic Diseases. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(8):1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081048
Chicago/Turabian StyleTürkoğlu, Nihan, Nur Özlem Kılınç, and Esin Kavuran. 2025. "Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Healthy Aging Perception Scale in Older People with Chronic Diseases" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 8: 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081048
APA StyleTürkoğlu, N., Kılınç, N. Ö., & Kavuran, E. (2025). Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Healthy Aging Perception Scale in Older People with Chronic Diseases. Behavioral Sciences, 15(8), 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081048