Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Depression Among Women Under Breast Cancer Treatment
Abstract
1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Depressive Symptoms
2.3.2. Quality of Life
2.3.3. Five Facets of Mindfulness
2.3.4. Momentary Savoring
2.3.5. Energy Intake and Sugar Consumption
2.3.6. Demographic and Clinical Data
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Characteristics of Outcomes
3.3. Bivariate Correlation and Multivariate Regression Analysis
3.4. Simple Mediation Analysis
3.5. Moderated Mediation Analysis
3.5.1. The Moderating Effect of After-Event Savoring
3.5.2. The Moderating Effect of Mindfulness
4. Discussion
4.1. Key Findings and Interpretation
4.2. Perspective for Clinical Practice
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean (SD)/[min, max] | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (year) | 49.95 (9.80)/[32, 78] | |
Education level | ||
High school and below | 12 (15.38) | |
College and above | 66 (84.62) | |
Working status | ||
Unemployed | 23 (29.49) | |
Employed | 55 (70.51) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.70 (3.24)/[18.13, 35.34] | |
Cancer stage | ||
0 | 4 (5.13) | |
I | 20 (25.64) | |
II | 40 (51.28) | |
III | 14 (17.95) | |
Mastectomy | 45 (57.69) | |
Chemotherapy | 62 (79.49) | |
Radiotherapy | 10 (12.82) | |
Comorbidity of other physical disease | 28 (35.90) |
Variables | Mean (SD)/[min, max] | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Depression | 6.45 (4.83)/[0.00, 24.00] | |
Below clinical depression cutoff | 64 (82.05) | |
Meets clinical depression cutoff | 14 (17.95) | |
Global health status | 59.29 (20.67)/[0.00, 100.00] | |
QLQ-C30 functions | 75.52 (14.26)/[38.67, 100.00] | |
QLQ-C30 symptoms | 25.16 (14.39)/[0.00, 64.81] | |
QLQ-BR45 functions | 29.39 (14.49)/[0.00, 60.00] | |
QLQ-BR45 symptoms | 26.85 (14.20)/[2.46, 67.53] | |
Mindfulness—Total score | 54.08 (7.02)/[40.00, 73.00] | |
Observing | 12.12 (2.12)/[6.00, 15.00] | |
Describing | 11.31 (2.08)/[6.00, 15.00] | |
Acting with awareness | 11.28 (2.13)/[7.00, 15.00] | |
Non-judging | 8.56 (2.63)/[3.00, 15.00] | |
Non-reactivity | 10.81 (2.47)/[3.00, 15.00] | |
Savoring: During events | 7.17 (1.26)/[4.00, 10.00] | |
Savoring: After events | 8.36 (1.24)/[5.00, 10.00] | |
Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 22.90 (30.21)/[0.00, 170.00] | |
Sedentary (h/day) | 7.76 (3.33)/[0.00, 16.00] | |
Macronutrients | ||
Energy (kcal) | 1649.01 (359.54)/[838.98, 2547.32] | |
Protein (% Energy) | 25.62 (7.65)/[7.89, 48.47] | |
Total Fat (% Energy) | 36.28 (10.68)/[16.13, 72.74] | |
Carbohydrate (% Energy) | 44.73 (12.86)/[23.91, 87.98] | |
Sugar (% Energy) | 14.61 (5.28)/[3.70, 27.05] | |
Sugars intake ≤ 10% Energy | 13 (16.67) | |
Sugars intake < 50 g | 30 (38.46) |
Univariable | Model 1 | Sugar (g) | Sugar (% Energy) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (95% CI) | p-Value | B (95% CI) | p-Value | B (95% CI) | p-Value | B (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Sugar (g) | 0.12 (0.07 to 0.18) | <0.0001 | 0.04 (−0.00 to 0.08) | 0.18 | ||||
Sugar (% Energy) | 0.35 (0.16 to 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.09 (−0.04 to 0.22) | 0.08 | ||||
Stage | 1.44 (0.07 to 2.81) | 0.04 | 0.24 (−0.63 to 1.10) | 0.59 | 0.19 (−0.67 to 1.04) | 0.58 | 0.24 (−0.63 to 1.10) | 0.66 |
QLQ-C30 functions | −0.25 (−0.30 to −0.20) | <0.0001 | −0.12 (−0.21 to −0.04) | <0.01 | −0.11 (−0.20 to −0.03) | 0.01 | −0.11 (−0.20 to −0.03) | 0.01 |
QLQ-C30 symptoms | 0.25 (0.20 to 0.30) | <0.0001 | 0.05 (−0.05 to 0.14) | 0.31 | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 0.40 | 0.04 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 0.40 |
QLQ-BR45 functions | −0.20 (−0.26 to −0.13) | <0.0001 | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02) | <0.01 | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.02) | 0.01 | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02) | 0.01 |
QLQ-BR45 symptoms | 0.24 (0.18 to 0.29) | <0.0001 | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.12) | 0.21 | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.12) | 0.17 | 0.05 (−0.02 to 0.13) | 0.23 |
Mindfulness total score | −0.22 (−0.27 to −0.19) | <0.0001 | −0.01 (−0.13 to 0.10) | 0.84 | −0.01 (−0.13 to 0.10) | 0.71 | −0.02 (−0.14 to 0.09) | 0.81 |
Savoring: During events | −0.46 (−1.33 to 0.04) | 0.29 | ||||||
Savoring: After events | −1.61 (−2.42 to −0.79) | <0.001 | −0.71 (−1.31 to −0.11) | 0.02 | −0.72 (−1.31 to −0.13) | 0.02 | −0.70 (−1.29 to −0.10) | 0.02 |
(Constant) | 21.65 (11.07 to 32.23) | <0.001 | 19.35 (8.62 to 30.08) | <0.001 | 19.90 (9.07 to 30.74) | <0.001 | ||
F-test (p-value) | 23.00 (<0.0001) | 21.16 (<0.0001) | 20.59 (<0.0001) | |||||
R2 (adjusted R2) | 0.70 (0.67) | 0.71 (0.68) | 0.70 (0.67) |
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Liu, Y.-C.; Kuo, W.-H.; Lo, C.; Huang, C.-S.; Lee, M.-S.; Chang, J.-H.; Hsieh, C.-C.; Hsiao, F.-H. Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Depression Among Women Under Breast Cancer Treatment. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070940
Liu Y-C, Kuo W-H, Lo C, Huang C-S, Lee M-S, Chang J-H, Hsieh C-C, Hsiao F-H. Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Depression Among Women Under Breast Cancer Treatment. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(7):940. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070940
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yu-Chen, Wen-Hung Kuo, Chiao Lo, Chiun-Sheng Huang, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Jen-Ho Chang, Chia-Chen Hsieh, and Fei-Hsiu Hsiao. 2025. "Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Depression Among Women Under Breast Cancer Treatment" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 7: 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070940
APA StyleLiu, Y.-C., Kuo, W.-H., Lo, C., Huang, C.-S., Lee, M.-S., Chang, J.-H., Hsieh, C.-C., & Hsiao, F.-H. (2025). Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Depression Among Women Under Breast Cancer Treatment. Behavioral Sciences, 15(7), 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070940