Primary and Emergency Care Use: The Roles of Health Literacy, Patient Activation, and Sleep Quality in a Latent Profile Analysis

Background/Objectives: Healthcare utilization is a behavioral phenomenon influenced by psychosocial factors. This study took place in South Tyrol, a culturally diverse autonomous province in northern Italy, and aimed to identify latent profiles of primary healthcare users based on health literacy, patient activation, sleep quality, and service use, and to examine the sociodemographic and health-related predictors of profile membership. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a representative adult sample (n = 2090). The participants completed the questionnaire in German or Italian. Latent profiles were identified via model-based clustering using Gaussian mixture modeling and four z-standardized indicators: total primary healthcare contacts (general practice and emergency room visits), HLS-EU-Q16 (health literacy), PAM-10 (patient activation), and B-PSQI (sleep quality). The optimal cluster solution was selected using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Kruskal–Wallis and chi-square tests were used for between-cluster comparisons of the data. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of cluster membership. Results: Among the 1645 respondents with complete data, a three-cluster solution showed a good model fit (BIC = 19,518; silhouette = 0.130). The identified profiles included ‘Balanced Self-Regulators’ (72.8%), ‘Struggling Navigators’ (25.8%), and ‘Hyper-Engaged Users’ (1.4%). Sleep quality could be used to differentiate between different levels of service use (p < 0.001), while low health literacy and patient activation were key features of the high-utilization groups. Poor sleep and inadequate health literacy were associated with increased healthcare contact. Conclusions: The latent profiling revealed distinct patterns in health care engagement. Behavioral segmentation can inform more tailored and culturally sensitive public health interventions in diverse settings such as South Tyrol.