“Remaining Vigilant” While “Enjoying Prosperity”: How Artificial Intelligence Usage Impacts Employees’ Innovative Behavior and Proactive Skill Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Basis and Hypotheses
2.1. The Relationship Between AI Usage and Employees’ Innovative Behavior and Proactive Skill Development
2.2. The Mediating Role of Job Absorption
2.3. The Mediating Role of AI Job Replacement Anxiety
2.4. The Moderating Role of Learning Goal Orientation
3. Methods
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. Measurement
3.2.1. Artificial Intelligence Usage
3.2.2. Job Absorption
3.2.3. AI Job Replacement Anxiety
3.2.4. Innovative Behavior
3.2.5. Proactive Skill Development
3.2.6. Learning Goal Orientation
3.2.7. Control Variables
4. Results
4.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.2. Common Method Bias Test
4.3. Correlation Analysis
4.4. Hypothesis Testing
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Contributions
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA | CFI | NFI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AIUSE; ABS; JRA; IB; PSD; LGO | 776.169 | 390 | 1.99 | 0.053 | 0.916 | 0.907 | 0.046 |
AIUSE; ABS; JRA; IB + PSD; LGO | 876.392 | 395 | 2.22 | 0.059 | 0.896 | 0.885 | 0.049 |
AIUSE; ABS + JRA; IB + PSD; LGO | 1410.301 | 399 | 3.53 | 0.085 | 0.781 | 0.761 | 0.078 |
AIUSE + ABS + JRA; IB + PSD; LGO | 1557.972 | 402 | 3.88 | 0.091 | 0.750 | 0.729 | 0.080 |
AIUSE + ABS + JRA + IB + PSD; LGO | 1771.093 | 404 | 4.38 | 0.098 | 0.704 | 0.682 | 0.082 |
AIUSE + ABS + JRA + IB + PSD + LGO | 2275.201 | 405 | 5.62 | 0.115 | 0.595 | 0.565 | 0.098 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | - | |||||||||||
2. Age | 0.003 | - | ||||||||||
3. Education Level | −0.042 | −0.494 ** | - | |||||||||
4. Duration of AI Usage | −0.028 | −0.001 | −0.067 | - | ||||||||
5. Job Position | −0.038 | 0.743 ** | −0.300 ** | −0.012 | - | |||||||
6. Tenure | −0.001 | 0.850 ** | −0.354 ** | 0.047 | 0.723 ** | - | ||||||
7. AI Usage | 0.114 * | −0.011 | −0.068 | −0.008 | 0.015 | −0.040 | (0.739) | |||||
8. Job Absorption | 0.135 * | 0.009 | −0.047 | −0.025 | −0.006 | −0.033 | 0.433 ** | (0.905) | ||||
9. AI Job Replacement Anxiety | 0.089 | −0.009 | −0.028 | 0.012 | −0.011 | −0.002 | 0.478 ** | 0.465 ** | (0.799) | |||
10 Innovative Behavior | 0.161 ** | −0.071 | 0.003 | −0.035 | −0.051 | −0.094 | 0.469 ** | 0.457 ** | 0.522 ** | (0.847) | ||
11. Proactive Skill Development | 0.102 | −0.053 | −0.024 | −0.078 | −0.025 | −0.009 | 0.447 ** | 0.386 ** | 0.533 ** | 0.432 ** | (0.772) | |
12. Learning Goal Orientation | 0.040 | −0.055 | 0.022 | 0.001 | 0.017 | −0.026 | 0.407 ** | 0.397 ** | 0.404 ** | 0.368 ** | 0.369 ** | (0.860) |
M | 0.466 | 2.217 | 3.583 | 3.240 | 1.717 | 3.180 | 3.437 | 3.341 | 3.536 | 3.509 | 3.562 | 3.465 |
SD | 0.500 | 1.099 | 0.968 | 1.057 | 0.732 | 1.379 | 0.877 | 0.965 | 0.962 | 0.766 | 0.900 | 0.770 |
Path | Estimate | S.E. |
---|---|---|
The path of “enjoying prosperity” | ||
a1 | 0.394 *** | 0.057 |
b1 | 0.148 ** | 0.050 |
c1 | 0.296 *** | 0.047 |
Mediation effect a1 × b1 | 0.058 * | 0.024 |
Total effect a1 × b1 + c1 | 0.354 *** | 0.040 |
d1 | 0.248 *** | 0.043 |
e1 | 0.101 | 0.077 |
e2 | −0.010 | 0.057 |
e3 | 0.002 | 0.038 |
e4 | −0.020 | 0.028 |
e5 | −0.015 | 0.052 |
e6 | −0.030 | 0.053 |
The path of “remaining vigilant” | ||
a2 | 0.443 *** | 0.060 |
b2 | 0.292 *** | 0.058 |
c2 | 0.264 *** | 0.052 |
Mediation effect a2 × b2 | 0.130 *** | 0.033 |
Total effect a2 × b2 + c2 | 0.394 *** | 0.050 |
d2 | 0.219 *** | 0.043 |
f1 | 0.035 | 0.072 |
f2 | −0.169 * | 0.083 |
f3 | −0.048 | 0.042 |
f4 | −0.080 * | 0.038 |
f5 | −0.032 | 0.079 |
f6 | 0.117 * | 0.057 |
Path | Learning Goal Orientation (−1SD/+1SD) | Effect | S.E. | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|
AI Usage → Job Absorption → Innovative Behavior | Low | 0.030 * | 0.015 | [0.007, 0.064] |
High | 0.087 * | 0.035 | [0.023, 0.163] | |
Difference | 0.057 * | 0.023 | [0.017, 0.106] | |
AI Usage → AI Job Replacement Anxiety → Proactive Skill Development | Low | 0.080 ** | 0.028 | [0.032, 0.149] |
High | 0.179 *** | 0.041 | [0.105, 0.264] | |
Difference | 0.098 *** | 0.026 | [0.063, 0.150] |
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Qian, J.; Chen, J.; Zhao, S. “Remaining Vigilant” While “Enjoying Prosperity”: How Artificial Intelligence Usage Impacts Employees’ Innovative Behavior and Proactive Skill Development. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040465
Qian J, Chen J, Zhao S. “Remaining Vigilant” While “Enjoying Prosperity”: How Artificial Intelligence Usage Impacts Employees’ Innovative Behavior and Proactive Skill Development. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(4):465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040465
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian, Jin, Jiaxi Chen, and Shuming Zhao. 2025. "“Remaining Vigilant” While “Enjoying Prosperity”: How Artificial Intelligence Usage Impacts Employees’ Innovative Behavior and Proactive Skill Development" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 4: 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040465
APA StyleQian, J., Chen, J., & Zhao, S. (2025). “Remaining Vigilant” While “Enjoying Prosperity”: How Artificial Intelligence Usage Impacts Employees’ Innovative Behavior and Proactive Skill Development. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040465