Alcohol and Cannabis Perceived Descriptive and Injunctive Norms, Personal Use, and Consequences Among 2-Year College Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Perceived Social Norms as a Proximal Risk Factor
1.2. The Reference Group
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Screening Survey
2.2.2. Follow-Up Survey
2.3. Analytic Strategy
- Aim 1: To determine prevalence rates of alcohol and cannabis use among 2-year college students, we descriptively examined use among the large screening sample of 2-year students.
- Aim 2: To determine if 2-year college students who reported recent, moderate use overestimated peer alcohol and cannabis use, we conducted t-tests to examine differences in (1) drinks in a typical week as reported in the large, screening sample and perceived peer drinks per week as reported in the follow-up sample of those who reported recent, moderate use and (2) hours high in a typical week as reported in the screening sample and perceived peer hours high per week as reported in the follow-up sample. We also conducted chi-square tests to examine differences in the percent of 2-year students who engaged in past-month HED as reported in the screening sample and the perceived percent of 2-year students who engaged in HED in the past month as reported in the follow-up sample.
- Aim 3a: Using the follow-up sample of 2-year students who reported recent, moderate use and controlling for participant age and sex (0 = male, 1 = female), we examined associations between (1) perceived peer alcohol and cannabis use, and personal use and related consequences, and between (2) perceived peer approval of alcohol and cannabis use, and personal use and related consequences. Because all substance use outcomes were positively skewed, negative binomial regression models were used, and results are reported as rate ratios (RR), which represent the degree to which substance use outcomes change with a one-unit increase in the predictor.
- Aim 3b: We examined if identification with the reference group or student age moderated associations between perceived peer use and approval of use with personal use.
3. Results
3.1. Aim 1: Prevalence of Alcohol and Cannabis Use Among 2-Year College Students
3.2. Aim 2: Differences in Perceived Peer Alcohol and Cannabis Use and Personal Use
3.3. Aim 3: Associations Among Perceived Peer Descriptive and Injunctive Alcohol and Cannabis Norms, Personal Use, and Related Consequences
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Screening Sample n = 1037 | Follow-Up Sample n = 246 | |
---|---|---|
M (SD) or n (%) | M (SD) or n (%) | |
Age | 21.36 (2.99) | 21.69 (2.87) |
18–20 | 524 (50.50) | 99 (40.91) |
21–25 | 395 (38.10) | 118 (48.76 |
26–29 | 118 (11.40) | 25 (10.33) |
Female | 650 (62.70) | 137 (55.69) |
Race | ||
American Indian/Alaska Native | 16 (1.60) | 7 (2.97) |
Asian | 134 (13.40) | 18 (7.63) |
Asian American | 70 (7.00) | 7 (2.97) |
Black/African American | 70 (7.00) | 11 (4.66) |
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 17 (1.70) | 8 (3.39) |
White/Caucasian | 556 (55.80) | 155 (65.68) |
Multiracial | 93 (9.30) | 19 (8.05) |
Other | 41 (4.10) | 11 (4.66) |
Hispanic ethnicity | 185 (19.80) | 65 (28.76) |
Alcohol outcomes | ||
Alcohol use in past month | 549 (52.90) | 204 (83.30) |
Drinks per week | 3.31 (7.76) | 5.5 (6.02) |
HED in past month | 336 (33.10) | 143 (58.13) |
Alcohol-related consequences a | -- | 5 (5.35) |
Perceived peer alcohol use | ||
Perceived peer drinks per week | -- | 10.24 (7.21) |
Perceived peer HED in past month | -- | 233 (95.10) |
Perceived peer approval of alcohol b | -- | 3.43 (1.11) |
Cannabis outcomes | ||
Cannabis use in past month | 369 (36.20) | 169 (68.98) |
Days using cannabis | -- | 10.13 (11.66) |
Hours high per week | 8.18 (20.95) | 14.2 (20.25) |
Cannabis-related consequences c | -- | 13.9 (15.23) |
Perceived peer cannabis use | ||
Perceived peer hours high per week | -- | 13.33 (12.74) |
Perceived peer approval of cannabis b | -- | 5.07 (1.14) |
Identification with reference group d | -- | 1.84 (1.02) |
Drinks per Week | Heavy Episodic Drinking (HED) | Alcohol-Related Consequences | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate Ratio | (95% CI) | Odds Ratio | (95% CI) | Rate Ratio | (95% CI) | |
Descriptive norms | n = 239 | n = 241 | n = 239 | |||
Age | 1.05 | (1, 1.11) | 1.02 | (0.93, 1.12) | 1.03 | (0.97, 1.09) |
Female | 0.72 * | (0.53, 0.97) | 0.67 | (0.39, 1.16) | 0.63 ** | (0.45, 0.88) |
Perceived drinks per week | 1.03 ** | (1.01, 1.05) | -- | -- | 1.02 | (1, 1.04) |
Perceived heavy episodic drinking | -- | -- | 15.93 ** | (1.99, 127.34) | -- | -- |
Injunctive norms | n = 240 | n = 242 | n = 241 | |||
Age | 1.06 * | (1, 1.11) | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.12) | 1.04 | (0.98, 1.1) |
Female | 0.7 * | (0.51, 0.98) | 0.74 | (0.43, 1.29) | 0.76 | (0.53, 1.09) |
Perceived approval of alcohol | 0.98 | (0.85, 1.14) | 1.1 | (0.87, 1.4) | 1.21 * | (1.04, 1.41) |
Days Using Cannabis | Hours High per Week | Cannabis-Related Consequences | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate Ratio | (95% CI) | Rate Ratio | (95% CI) | Rate Ratio | (95% CI) | |
Descriptive norms | n = 236 | n = 230 | n = 227 | |||
Age | 0.97 | (0.9, 1.04) | 1 | (0.93, 1.08) | 0.99 | (0.93, 1.07) |
Female | 0.8 | (0.53, 1.2) | 0.81 | (0.51, 1.28) | 0.52 ** | (0.35, 0.79) |
Perceived hours high per week | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.03) | 1.02 * | (1, 1.04) | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.03) |
Injunctive norms | n = 239 | n = 231 | n = 228 | |||
Age | 0.96 | (0.89, 1.03) | 1 | (0.93, 1.08) | 0.98 | (0.92, 1.06) |
Female | 0.78 | (0.52, 1.17) | 0.79 | (0.5, 1.25) | 0.53 ** | (0.36, 0.8) |
Perceived approval of cannabis | 1.15 | (0.95, 1.4) | 1.13 | (0.92, 1.39) | 1.09 | (0.9, 1.32) |
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Duckworth, J.C.; Morrison, K.M.; Lee, C.M. Alcohol and Cannabis Perceived Descriptive and Injunctive Norms, Personal Use, and Consequences Among 2-Year College Students. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030251
Duckworth JC, Morrison KM, Lee CM. Alcohol and Cannabis Perceived Descriptive and Injunctive Norms, Personal Use, and Consequences Among 2-Year College Students. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(3):251. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030251
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuckworth, Jennifer C., Kristi M. Morrison, and Christine M. Lee. 2025. "Alcohol and Cannabis Perceived Descriptive and Injunctive Norms, Personal Use, and Consequences Among 2-Year College Students" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 3: 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030251
APA StyleDuckworth, J. C., Morrison, K. M., & Lee, C. M. (2025). Alcohol and Cannabis Perceived Descriptive and Injunctive Norms, Personal Use, and Consequences Among 2-Year College Students. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030251