Contemporary Treatment of Crime Victims/Survivors: Barriers Faced by Minority Groups in Accessing and Utilizing Domestic Abuse Services †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Definitions and Prevalence
1.1.1. LGBTQIA+ Victims/Survivors
1.1.2. BME Victims/Survivors
1.1.3. Disabled Victims/Survivors
1.2. Accessing Support: Barriers for Different Communities
1.3. Purpose of the Current Research
- What do people think is good about the current DA support services, particularly in relation to fostering inclusion for LBGTQIA+, BME or disabled victims/survivors?
- How do people think DA support services for victims/survivors could be improved, particularly in relation to challenges for LBGTQIA+, BME or disabled people?
- Do LBGTQIA+, BME or disabled people have specific challenges and support needs?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Surveys—General Public
2.2. Focus Group—Practitioners
2.3. Interviews—Victims/Survivors
2.4. Ethics
2.5. Analysis
2.5.1. Samples
2.5.2. Quantitative Analysis
2.5.3. Qualitative Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Identified Themes
3.1.1. Good Practice
“Without their support I would not have been able to leave, and I would likely not be alive”(Fleur, European)
“I think one of the shifts … to attempt as much as possible to keep people in their own home, that managing a move is not necessarily the best option”(Fay)
“I don’t have to mention to her, she already knows things… she also gave me a number for one of the Imam… even helped me with what sort of questions that I should be asking… That was that was really good”(Maya)
3.1.2. Secondary Victimization
“I was told by NHS officially: The abuse is too vile for them to handle”(Maria, black, British, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“I was not listened to… I was asked in front of my abuser every time to talk about what was happening”(Francis, white, British, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“They [police] said it’s a civil matter. But there’s violence involved… they could have nipped in the bud they could have stopped all this”(Rhea)
“I was bleeding… got no help… they said… you have to walk to the doctor which is so far away. I had no pushchair… I wasn’t allowed to call a taxi… can somebody get my car?... No, you’re not allowed to… they’re not making this any easier”(Rhea)
3.1.3. Barriers to Obtaining Support
“I did not recognise myself as a victim as I was not cowering in corners or being hit (well not regularly)”(Amelia, white, British, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“My abuser was considered everybody’s friend and a great dad. I was presented as the ’difficult’ one”(Ella, white, British, bisexual, disabled)
“Scared I wouldn’t be believed as the police dropped my case very quickly”(Miriam, white, British, bisexual, disabled)
“For many years my ex was able to use my diagnoses against me with [the] authorities… everything was justifiable on the grounds of concern for my mental health or parenting”(Freya, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“The fear of losing the children was a big problem and stopped me from telling social services the truth”(Sophia, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“I couldn’t afford to leave my ex…. Where would I go? The children were being manipulated … and I wasn’t prepared to leave them where this misinformation could continue”(Elsie, white, British, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“I hesitated to admit or seek support as I’m an Asian, so I had a lot to lose in society and community”(Amala, British, Bangladeshi, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“It was hard to get there, being a wheelchair user”(Evie, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“With physical disabilities… I relied on him for support, physically, mentally and financially”(Rosie, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“I don’t want to see 10 different people”(Rhea)
“I sometimes wonder if it would have been easier to stay”(Claudia, white, British, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“Too many satellite agencies and resources… how is a victim meant to know… which is the best one to turn to? Needs a nationally recognised and well publicised umbrella ‘face’ so that any person… knows exactly where to turn… an online triage process… who can help and a handholding online ‘advocate’”(Phoebe, white, English, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“thinking of taking the abuser back”(Nihal, Sri Lankan, heterosexual, non-disabled) or ending their life
“12 or 14 or 16 [sessions] most definitely are not… enough”(Enid, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“After a few months, it suddenly disappears and you are left alone in the ruins of your life”(Evelyn, white, British, bisexual, disabled)
“I was not given any instructions on what to do next”(Helvi, African, lesbian, non-disabled)
“care plan after… to prevent them returning to their abuser”(Charlotte, white, British, bisexual, disabled)
“A leaky roof’.. we are putting a bucket underneath the hole… catching as many as we can… trying to stop the place from flooding”(Louise)
3.1.4. Support Needs—General
“Sites where you had like chats where you can actually talk to people on the chat that helps massively”(Maya)
“An appointed advocate for each victim… would be hugely, hugely beneficial… we are already overwhelmed by just trying to survive”(Phoebe, white, English, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“There needs to be an organised step by step system of provision… mapped out and available for the person to move through at their own pace”(Sophia, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“Don’t use long words, or words shortened like DA … people in a distressed state struggle to process things anyway without jargon”(Iris, white, British, straight, non-disabled)
“They offered to find ways for me to be more comfortable and safe… drawing or listening to background music while we talked”(Isabel, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“The support workers… were the only ones who listened to me, believed me”(Maria, black, British, heterosexual, non-disabled)
“Why wasn’t there a [police] officer that had more understanding… had no idea and very, like… what’s happened tell us? There was no empathy… nothing to say… you’re protected… he cannot come back… you’re not alone… we’re here to help”(Rhea)
“My solicitor says to me, the best thing to do is look for a flat… how am I going to afford this? … they found this really horrible place… My kids will never come… no TV… so cold… my dad bought food… some duvets and blow-up mattresses”(Rhea)
3.1.5. Support Needs—Bespoke
BME
“Perhaps being given the opportunity to speak to someone from my own cultural background who could help support me as I lost every member of my family in the process of fleeing and have been culturally ostracised by my community”(Jasminder, British, Indian, disabled)
Disabled People
“Mental illness can make it… look like the victim is the perpetrator when police and people are underinformed about what mental illness and trauma look like”(Grace, white, English, ‘other’, disabled)
“The main thing I think would help is autism friendly shelter… quiet, self-contained, private places people can stay… Autistic people can’t be expected to live in ordinary shelters… it’s such a strain on an already overwhelmed sensory system”(Ella, white, British, bisexual, disabled)
LGBTQIA+
“They would have had a different experience of abuse as it is a different kind of relationship”(Ellie, British, French, bisexual, non-disabled)
“I think in same sex relationships it can be quite difficult as… this might affect traditional gender roles/identity such as male on male violence”(Freya, white, British, heterosexual, disabled)
“She [service provider] was also part of the LGBTQIA community and I think her lived experience allowed a deeper level of understanding”(Angela, white, British, lesbian, disabled)
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations of the Study
4.2. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. of Participants | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Simplified Ethnic Group (n = 303) | ||
Not BME | 241 | 79.5 |
BME | 33 | 10.9 |
Unclear | 29 | 9.6 |
Gender (n = 317) | ||
Female | 245 | 77.3 |
Male | 24 | 7.6 |
Transgender | 4 | 1.3 |
Non-binary | 9 | 2.8 |
Queer | 3 | 0.9 |
Asexual | 1 | 0.3 |
Other (nonbinary, transgender, transmasculine, and gender queer) | 1 | 0.3 |
Did not answer | 30 | 9.5 |
Sexual Orientation (n = 317) | ||
Straight/Heterosexual | 219 | 69.1 |
Bisexual | 62 | 19.6 |
Lesbian | 7 | 2.2 |
Pansexual | 6 | 1.9 |
Gay | 5 | 1.6 |
Asexual | 3 | 0.9 |
Other | 3 | 0.9 |
Queer | 2 | 0.6 |
Chose not to answer | 10 | 3.2 |
Disability (n = 170) | ||
Mental Illness, Nervous Disorder | 147 | 86.5 |
Mobility Impairment | 48 | 28.2 |
Autism | 47 | 27.6 |
Other Disability | 24 | 14.1 |
Specific Learning Difficulty | 21 | 12.4 |
Deafness (Hearing Impairment) | 15 | 8.8 |
Fibromyalgia | 10 | 5.9 |
ADHD | 9 | 5.3 |
Blindness (Visual Impairment) | 6 | 3.5 |
Range of Services Accessed (n = 317) | ||
---|---|---|
Counselling | 163 | 51.4 |
Mental Health | 130 | 41.0 |
How to remain safe | 113 | 35.6 |
Advocacy | 110 | 34.7 |
How to leave | 64 | 20.2 |
Children | 61 | 19.2 |
Legal Advice | 59 | 18.6 |
Reporting an offence | 57 | 18.0 |
Housing | 45 | 14.2 |
Physical Harm | 37 | 11.7 |
Finances | 17 | 5.4 |
Other | 6 | 1.2 |
Barriers to Accessing Support | No. of Yes Responses (n = 160) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Embarrassment or shame | 109 | 68.1 |
Not recognizing abuse | 107 | 66.8 |
Fear of what might happen | 105 | 65.6 |
Fear of not being believed | 101 | 63.1 |
Denial | 90 | 56.3 |
Not a big deal | 70 | 43.8 |
Hope things will change | 64 | 40.0 |
Worry about information sharing | 63 | 39.4 |
Love for abuser | 52 | 32.5 |
Loyalty for abuser | 50 | 31.3 |
Accessing support | 50 | 31.3 |
Worry about losing access to children | 49 | 30.6 |
Worry about finances | 46 | 28.8 |
Worry about losing friends and family | 46 | 28.8 |
Worry about housing | 41 | 25.6 |
Other | 16 | 10.0 |
Required Services | No. of Participants (n = 317) | Percentage % |
---|---|---|
Medical Support: Mental Health | 217 | 68.5 |
Counselling | 214 | 67.5 |
How to remain safe | 211 | 66.6 |
Advocacy | 201 | 63.4 |
How to leave a partner/abuser | 197 | 62.1 |
Reporting an offence | 192 | 60.6 |
Legal advice | 191 | 60.3 |
Housing/access to refuge | 188 | 59.3 |
Medical Support: Physical Harm | 186 | 58.6 |
Finances/Money | 181 | 57.1 |
Your children/dependents | 180 | 56.8 |
Other | 16 | 5.0 |
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Cole, T.; Harvey, O.; Healy, J.C.; Smith, C. Contemporary Treatment of Crime Victims/Survivors: Barriers Faced by Minority Groups in Accessing and Utilizing Domestic Abuse Services. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020103
Cole T, Harvey O, Healy JC, Smith C. Contemporary Treatment of Crime Victims/Survivors: Barriers Faced by Minority Groups in Accessing and Utilizing Domestic Abuse Services. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(2):103. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020103
Chicago/Turabian StyleCole, Terri, Orlanda Harvey, Jane C. Healy, and Chloe Smith. 2025. "Contemporary Treatment of Crime Victims/Survivors: Barriers Faced by Minority Groups in Accessing and Utilizing Domestic Abuse Services" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 2: 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020103
APA StyleCole, T., Harvey, O., Healy, J. C., & Smith, C. (2025). Contemporary Treatment of Crime Victims/Survivors: Barriers Faced by Minority Groups in Accessing and Utilizing Domestic Abuse Services. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020103