Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Caregiver Contribution and Resilience in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract
1. Introduction
Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Setting and Sampling
2.3. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Instruments
2.5. Caregiver Self-Efficacy
2.6. Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care
2.7. Resilience Index
2.8. Statistical Analysis
Sample Size Estimation
2.9. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. General Description
3.2. Contribution to Self-Care and Resilience
3.3. Factors Associated with Resiliency
3.3.1. Model 1: Left Side
3.3.2. Model 2: Right-Side
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Clinical and Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IBD | Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
CD | Crohn’s Disease |
UC | Ulcerative Colitis |
CC-SC-CII | Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory |
CD-RISC-25 | Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale—25 items |
CSE-CSC | Contributing to Patient Self-Care Scale |
IQR | Interquartile Range |
SE | Standard Error |
STROBE | Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology |
IRB | Institutional Review Board |
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Variables | CD (n = 131, 48.4%) | UC (n = 144, 51.6%) |
---|---|---|
Age Me [IQR] | 50 [40.5–59] | 53.5 [44–60] |
Gender n (%) | ||
Female | 76 (58%) | 84 (58.3%) |
Male | 55 (42%) | 60 (41.7%) |
Care Load n (%) | ||
Mild | 54 (41.2%) | 49 (34%) |
Moderate | 60 (45.8%) | 76 (52.8%) |
Severe | 17 (13%) | 18 (12.5%) |
Educational Level n (%) | ||
Bachelors | 29 (22.1%) | 44 (30.6%) |
High School | 66 (50.4%) | 68 (47.2%) |
Middle School | 33 (25.2%) | 28 (19.4%) |
Primary School | 3 (2.3%) | 4 (2.8%) |
Work Status n (%) | ||
Homemaker | 15 (11.5%) | 14 (9.7%) |
Retired | 21 (16%) | 25 (17.4%) |
Student | 6 (4.6%) | 2 (1.4%) |
Unemployed | 6 (4.6%) | 2 (1.4%) |
Worker | 83 (63.4%) | 101 (70.1%) |
Relationship n (%) | ||
Partner/Spouse | 63 (48.1%) | 84 (58.3%) |
Family (Parent/Sibling) | 26 (19.8%) | 24 (16.7%) |
Other Family | 12 (9.2%) | 14 (9.7%) |
Friend | 18 (13.7%) | 11 (7.6%) |
No relationship specified | 12 (9.2%) | 11 (7.6%) |
Patients Time from diagnosis (y) M(SD) | 11.2 (9.96) | 11.5 (8.74) |
Patients Disease Activity n (%) | ||
Remission | 98 (74.8%) | 51 (35.4%) |
Mild | 14 (10.7%) | 24 (16.7%) |
Moderate | 12 (9.2%) | 34 (23.6%) |
Severe | 7 (5.3%) | 35 (24.3%) |
Time in Charge n (%) | ||
<1 Year | 29 (22.1%) | 35 (24.3%) |
1–3 Year | 21 (16%) | 29 (20.1%) |
3–5 Years | 18 (13.7%) | 22 (15.3%) |
>5 Years | 63 (48.1%) | 58 (40.3%) |
Resilience Domains | Entire Sample (n = 275) | CD (n = 131) | UC (n = 144) | p-Value § |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spiritual Influences | 8 [6–10] | 8 [6–10] | 8 [6–10] | 0.214 |
Personal Competence | 15 [13–18.5] | 16 [14–19] | 15 [13–18] | 0.110 |
Acceptance of Change | 15 [13–18] | 16 [13–18] | 15 [13–17.2] | 0.143 |
Trust in one’s intuition | 21 [18–24] | 21 [18–24] | 21 [17–24] | 0.162 |
Life Control | 15 [12–18] | 15 [13–18] | 15 [12–17] | 0.138 |
Resiliency (Total Score) | 74 [65–84] | 76 [65.5–85] | 72 [64–83] | 0.083 |
Pathway | CC-SC-CII Maintenance | CC-SC-CII Monitoring | CC-SC-CII Management |
---|---|---|---|
Β [IC95%] | Β [IC95%] | Β [IC95%] | |
Indirect Effects (via Self-Efficacy) | |||
Disease Activity → CSE-CSC → CC-SC-CII | 0.002 [−0.155, 0.351] | 0.009 [−0.596, 1.184] | 0.010 [−0.479, 0.941] |
Educational Level → CSE-CSC → CC-SC-CII | −0.001 [−0.769, 0.668] | −0.003 [−2.611, 2.477] | −0.004 [−2.104, 1.952] |
Occupational Status → CSE-CSC → CC-SC-CII | 0.003 [−0.446, 0.932] | 0.012 [−1.656, 3.286] | 0.013 [−1.190, 2.822] |
Direct Effects | |||
CSE-CSC → CC-SC-CII | 0.069 [−0.069, 0.264] | 0.266 [0.277, 0.712] | 0.299 [0.244, 0.571] |
Disease Activity → CC-SC-CII | 0.034 [−1.134, 2.206] | 0.034 [−1.134, 2.206] | 0.034 [−1.134, 2.206] |
Educational Level → CC-SC-CII | −0.013 [−5.175, 4.344] | −0.013 [−5.175, 4.344] | −0.013 [−5.175, 4.344] |
Occupational Status → CC-SC-CII | 0.044 [−3.056, 6.288] | 0.044 [−3.056, 6.288] | 0.044 [−3.056, 6.288] |
Predictors | Personal Competence β [IC95%] | Trust β [IC95%] | Life Control β [IC95%] | Change Acceptance β [IC95%] | Spiritual Influence β [IC95%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC-SC-CII Maintenance | 0.138 [0.001, 0.037] | 0.063 [−0.011, 0.033] | 0.106 [−0.003, 0.030] | 0.037 [−0.010, 0.020] | 0.011 [−0.013, 0.015] |
CC-SC-CII Monitoring | −0.029 [−0.019, 0.013] | 0.029 [−0.017, 0.024] | −0.043 [−0.019, 0.010] | 0.015 [−0.013, 0.016] | 0.069 [−0.007, 0.019] |
CC-SC-CII Management | 0.117 [−0.001, 0.037] | 0.170 [0.008, 0.061] | 0.161 [0.004, 0.044] | 0.221 [0.014, 0.049] | 0.176 [0.006, 0.035] |
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Bozzetti, M.; Marcomini, I.; Lo Cascio, A.; Magurano, M.R.; Ribaudi, E.; Petralito, M.; Milani, I.; Amato, S.; Orgiana, N.; Parello, S.; et al. Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Caregiver Contribution and Resilience in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101381
Bozzetti M, Marcomini I, Lo Cascio A, Magurano MR, Ribaudi E, Petralito M, Milani I, Amato S, Orgiana N, Parello S, et al. Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Caregiver Contribution and Resilience in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(10):1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101381
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozzetti, Mattia, Ilaria Marcomini, Alessio Lo Cascio, Maria Rosaria Magurano, Eleonora Ribaudi, Monica Petralito, Ilaria Milani, Simone Amato, Nicoletta Orgiana, Simone Parello, and et al. 2025. "Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Caregiver Contribution and Resilience in Inflammatory Bowel Disease" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 10: 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101381
APA StyleBozzetti, M., Marcomini, I., Lo Cascio, A., Magurano, M. R., Ribaudi, E., Petralito, M., Milani, I., Amato, S., Orgiana, N., Parello, S., Puca, P., Scaldaferri, F., Mazza, M., Marano, G., & Napolitano, D. (2025). Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Caregiver Contribution and Resilience in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Behavioral Sciences, 15(10), 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101381