Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials and Procedure
2.2.1. ToM Tasks
2.2.2. Mother–Child Reading Task
2.3. Scoring and Coding
2.3.1. ToM Tasks
2.3.2. Mother–Child Reading Task
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analysis
3.2. Characteristics of Mothers’ MST
3.3. Association between Mothers’ MST and the Development of Children’s ToM
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Mothers’ MST Change with the Development of Children
4.2. Association between Mothers’ MST and Children’s ToM Development
5. Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Implication | Example |
---|---|---|
Categories | ||
Desires | This includes language related to wishes and desires (such as “want”, “desire”, “need”, “like”, “prefer”, “aspire”, “dream”, “hope”, etc.). | The snowman reached out his hand, wanting to touch the light inside the television. |
Emotions | This encompasses language associated with emotional states (like “happy”, “sad”, “grieved”, “depressed”, “worried”, “afraid”, “proud”, “satisfied”, etc.). | The snowman was extremely delighted to see these things. |
Cognitions | This refers to language related to thoughts or cognitions (such as “think”, “know”, “feel”, “believe”, “trust”, “understand”, “pretend”, “forget”, “remember”, “guess”, “imagine”, “ponder”, etc.). | What do you think he would say to the snowman at this moment? |
Referents | ||
Children | The target object referred to in the MST is the child. | What would you like to call him? |
Mothers | The target object referred to in the MST is the mother. | Mom thought he was missing a nose. |
Story Characters | The target objects referred to in the MST are characters in the book, i.e., a little boy and a snowman. | The little boy wanted to build a snowman. |
Utterance functions | ||
Questions | Questions include both open and closed questions. | What do you think the snowman is lacking? |
Comments | Comments encompass declarative sentences and imperative sentences. | The little boy was quite worried about the snowman. |
Variable | M | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|
1. Age (year) | 4.02 | 0.82 | 3–5 |
2. Gender | 37.6% (boy) | – | – |
3. Mothers’ education | 3.77 | 0.75 | – |
4. Total ToM | 3.38 | 1.3 | 0–6 |
5. ToM1 | 0.8 | 0.82 | 0–2 |
6. ToM2 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0–2 |
7. ToM3 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0–2 |
8. Total MST (hourly) | 3.38 | 1.3 | 1–6 |
9. Mothers’ own Desire Q (hourly) | 0.05 | 0.4 | 0–3.57 |
10. Mothers’ own Desire C (hourly) | 0.09 | 0.86 | 0–9.70 |
11. Mothers’ own Emotion Q (hourly) | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0–3.11 |
12. Mothers’ own Emotion C (hourly) | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0–4.41 |
13. Mothers’ own Cognition Q (hourly) | 0.24 | 1.16 | 0–9.86 |
14. Mothers’ own Cognition C (hourly) | 1.1 | 3.07 | 0–21.85 |
15. Children’s Desire Q (hourly) | 1.18 | 6.15 | 0–77.84 |
16. Children’s Desire C (hourly) | 0.4 | 1.99 | 0–15.58 |
17. Children’s Emotion Q (hourly) | 2 | 4.87 | 0–31.03 |
18. Children’s Emotion C (hourly) | 1.03 | 3.13 | 0–22.31 |
19. Children’s Cognition Q (hourly) | 6.44 | 11.54 | 0–63.05 |
20. Children’s Cognition C (hourly) | 1.88 | 4.37 | 0–30.11 |
21. SC Desire Q (hourly) | 2.56 | 5.77 | 0–46.43 |
22. SC Desire C (hourly) | 10.23 | 12.23 | 0–66.67 |
23. SC Emotion Q (hourly) | 12.56 | 16.08 | 0–111.86 |
24. SC Emotion C (hourly) | 38.99 | 32.5 | 0–201.60 |
25. SC Cognition Q (hourly) | 6.5 | 9.84 | 0–60.50 |
26. SC Cognition C (hourly) | 16.81 | 18.87 | 0–130.91 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age (year) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2. Gender | 0.078 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3. Mothers’ education | 0.030 | 0.011 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
4. Total ToM | 0.613 ** | 0.074 | −0.045 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
5. ToM1 | 0.525 ** | 0.102 | −0.112 | 0.841 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
6. ToM2 | 0.357 ** | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.740 ** | 0.344 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
7. ToM3 | 0.400 ** | 0.087 | 0.095 | 0.478 ** | 0.204 ** | 0.276 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
8. Total MST (hourly) | −0.033 | 0.033 | −0.017 | 0.436 ** | 0.317 ** | 0.430 ** | 0.159 * | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
9. Mothers’ own Desire Q (hourly) | −0.054 | 0.097 | −0.098 | 0.115 | 0.088 | 0.125 | 0.042 | 0.213 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
10. Mothers’ own Desire C (hourly) | −0.127 | −0.027 | 0.035 | 0.012 | −0.034 | 0.062 | 0.035 | 0.147 * | 0.403 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
11. Mothers’ own Emotion Q (hourly) | −0.002 | 0.079 | −0.138 | 0.114 | 0.089 | 0.122 | 0.035 | 0.175 * | 0.810 ** | −0.010 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
12. Mothers’ own Emotion C (hourly) | −0.065 | −0.027 | −0.138 | 0.093 | 0.089 | 0.062 | 0.035 | 0.162 * | −0.013 | −0.010 | −0.010 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
13. Mothers’ own Cognition Q (hourly) | −0.032 | 0.069 | −0.067 | 0.138 | 0.195 ** | −0.015 | 0.075 | 0.288 ** | 0.163 * | −0.023 | 0.211 ** | −0.023 | 1 | |||||||||||||
14. Mothers’ own Cognition C (hourly) | 0.071 | 0.032 | −0.073 | 0.261 ** | 0.222 ** | 0.228 ** | 0.054 | 0.363 ** | 0.158 * | −0.043 | 0.216 ** | 0.110 | 0.217 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
15. Children’s Desire Q (hourly) | −0.107 | 0.145 * | −0.147 * | 0.131 | 0.081 | 0.159 * | 0.053 | 0.336 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.154 * | 0.157 * | 0.130 | 0.086 | 0.152 * | 1 | |||||||||||
16. Children’s Desire C (hourly) | −0.148 * | 0.085 | 0.079 | −0.097 | −0.119 | −0.042 | −0.001 | 0.086 | 0.165 * | 0.209 ** | −0.024 | −0.024 | −0.051 | 0.068 | 0.012 | 1 | ||||||||||
17. Children’s Emotion Q (hourly) | −0.141 * | −0.028 | −0.083 | 0.062 | 0.036 | 0.110 | −0.036 | 0.317 ** | 0.119 | 0.053 | 0.066 | 0.216 ** | 0.274 ** | 0.189 ** | 0.254 ** | −0.021 | 1 | |||||||||
18. Children’s Emotion C (hourly) | −0.031 | −0.034 | −0.086 | 0.128 | 0.094 | 0.115 | 0.014 | 0.268 ** | 0.089 | −0.038 | 0.129 | −0.038 | 0.054 | 0.172 * | 0.098 | 0.175 * | 0.138 | 1 | ||||||||
19. Children’s Cognition Q (hourly) | 0.146 * | 0.014 | −0.048 | 0.375 ** | 0.226 ** | 0.380 ** | 0.182 * | 0.527 ** | 0.178 * | 0.097 | 0.173 * | 0.120 | 0.097 | 0.328 ** | 0.239 ** | −0.018 | 0.226 ** | 0.175 * | 1 | |||||||
20. Children’s Cognition C (hourly) | 0.144 * | −0.027 | −0.145 * | 0.245 ** | 0.223 ** | 0.178* | 0.038 | 0.233 ** | 0.020 | −0.051 | 0.050 | −0.051 | 0.189 ** | 0.341 ** | 0.089 | −0.069 | 0.028 | 0.382 ** | 0.154 * | 1 | ||||||
21. SC Desire Q (hourly) | −0.099 | 0.086 | −0.002 | 0.085 | 0.062 | 0.103 | 0.002 | 0.358 ** | 0.121 | 0.086 | 0.030 | 0.208 ** | 0.201 ** | 0.066 | 0.229 ** | 0.206 ** | 0.059 | −0.023 | 0.123 | 0.060 | 1 | |||||
22. SC Desire C (hourly) | −0.105 | −0.008 | −0.009 | 0.151 * | 0.166 * | 0.145 * | −0.003 | 0.363 ** | 0.073 | −0.054 | 0.089 | 0.101 | 0.041 | 0.049 | 0.089 | 0.031 | 0.116 | −0.026 | 0.093 | 0.013 | 0.221 ** | 1 | ||||
23. SC Emotion Q (hourly) | −0.06 | 0.024 | −0.082 | 0.037 | −0.017 | 0.068 | 0.011 | 0.273 ** | 0.099 | 0.054 | 0.095 | 0.108 | 0.040 | 0.104 | 0.066 | 0.085 | 0.041 | 0.165 * | 0.155 * | 0.131 | 0.320 ** | −0.034 | 1 | |||
24. SC Emotion C (hourly) | 0.096 | −0.095 | 0.024 | 0.148 * | 0.130 | 0.171 * | 0.016 | 0.170 * | −0.046 | 0.054 | −0.079 | −0.011 | −0.070 | −0.135 | −0.105 | −0.099 | −0.042 | −0.063 | 0.030 | −0.144 * | −0.074 | −0.040 | −0.209 ** | 1 | ||
25. SC Cognition Q (hourly) | −0.010 | 0.045 | 0.036 | 0.154 * | 0.178 * | 0.021 | 0.087 | 0.411 ** | 0.141 * | 0.056 | 0.163 * | 0.112 | 0.142 * | 0.119 | 0.103 | −0.043 | 0.048 | 0.144 * | 0.104 | 0.054 | 0.144 * | 0.102 | 0.232 ** | −0.083 | 1 | |
26. SC Cognition C (hourly) | 0.158 * | 0.033 | −0.006 | 0.218 ** | 0.230 ** | 0.166 * | 0.031 | 0.265 ** | −0.056 | −0.036 | −0.007 | 0 | 0.038 | −0.099 | 0.097 | −0.058 | −0.055 | −0.098 | −0.070 | −0.049 | 0.062 | 0.114 | −0.193 ** | 0.180 * | 0.056 | 1 |
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Liu, H.; Wu, F.; Li, S.; Zhang, H. Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070568
Liu H, Wu F, Li S, Zhang H. Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(7):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070568
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Hang, Fan Wu, Siying Li, and Haiting Zhang. 2024. "Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 7: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070568
APA StyleLiu, H., Wu, F., Li, S., & Zhang, H. (2024). Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact. Behavioral Sciences, 14(7), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070568