Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Review of the Existing Measures of Courage and Workplace Social Courage
2.2. Workplace Social Courage and Prosocial Rule Breaking Behaviors
2.3. Workplace Social Courage and Satisfaction of Work-Related Basic Needs
2.4. Workplace Social Courage and Performance
3. Aims of Research
4. Procedure
4.1. Study 1: Scale Dimensionality and Factorial Structure
4.1.1. Participants
Sample 1
Sample 2
4.1.2. Measures
Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS)
4.1.3. Data Analysis and Results
4.2. Study 2: Measurement Invariance across Gender
4.2.1. Participants
4.2.2. Measure
4.2.3. Data Analysis and Results
4.3. Study 3: IRT Discrimination
4.3.1. Participants
4.3.2. Measure
4.3.3. Data Analysis and Results
4.4. Study 4: Validity and Utility
4.4.1. Participants
4.4.2. Measures
Workplace Social Courage Scale
Courage Measure
Performance
Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale
4.4.3. Data Analysis and Results
5. Overall Discussion
6. Conclusions and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item Number | Mean | SD | Standardized Factor Loadings | Standardized Residuals | Corrected Item-Total Correlation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WSCS 2 | 5.38 | 1.55 | 0.534 | 0.845 | 0.484 |
WSCS 3 | 5.56 | 1.52 | 0.378 | 0.926 | 0.367 |
WSCS 5 | 5.58 | 1.44 | 0.613 | 0.790 | 0.492 |
WSCS 6 | 5.79 | 1.40 | 0.691 | 0.790 | 0.551 |
WSCS 7 | 5.14 | 1.48 | 0.390 | 0.921 | 0.397 |
WSCS 8 | 5.67 | 1.26 | 0.683 | 0.731 | 0.541 |
WSCS 9 | 5.02 | 1.56 | 0.385 | 0.923 | 0.405 |
WSCS 11 | 5.31 | 1.40 | 0.571 | 0.821 | 0.475 |
Factor Determinacy Index (FDI) | 0.976 |
EAP marginal reliability | 0.953 |
Sensitivity ratio (SR) | 4.501 |
Expected percentage of true differences (EPTD) | 96.6% |
Item | CI λ (Male) | CI λ (Female) | MI λ | ScI λ | StI λ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 2 | 0.979 | 0.939 | 0.942 | 0.939 | 0.940 |
Item 3 | 0.629 | 0.706 | 0.683 | 0.667 | 0.648 |
Item 5 | 0.799 | 0.856 | 0.839 | 0.839 | 0.846 |
Item 6 | 0.737 | 0.896 | 0.841 | 0.844 | 0.844 |
Item 7 | 0.378 | 0.752 | 0.619 | 0.602 | 0.594 |
Item 8 | 0.813 | 0.786 | 0.789 | 0.809 | 0.823 |
Item 9 | 0.411 | 0.885 | 0.757 | 0.726 | 0.658 |
Item 11 | 0.740 | 0.899 | 0.840 | 0.852 | 0.843 |
Nested Models | SBχ2 (df), p | CFI | GFI | NNFI | RMSEA | SRMR | Δχ2 (Δdf), p | ΔCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1. Configural invariance | 51.70 (34), p < 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.05 | − | − |
Model 2. Metric invariance | 64.05 (42), p < 0.05 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 10.04 (7), ns | 0.01 |
Model 3. Scalar invariance | 76.42 (49), p < 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 12.31 (7), ns | 0.01 |
Model 4. Strict invariance | 113.94 (60), p < 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 18.52 (10), ns | 0.04 |
Item | Infit | Item | Infit |
---|---|---|---|
Item 2 | 1.04 | Item 7 | 1.37 |
Item 3 | 1.28 | Item 8 | 1.82 |
Item 5 | 1.74 | Item 9 | 1.26 |
Item 6 | 1.50 | Item 11 | 1.26 |
a | b 1 | b 2 | b 3 | b 4 | b 5 | b 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item 2 | 1.46 ± 0.15 | −3.44 ± 0.36 | −2.67 ± 0.25 | −1.98 ± 0.18 | −1.56 ± 0.15 | −0.65 ± 0.09 | 0.66 ± 0.11 |
Item 3 | 1.34 ± 0.14 | −3.03 ± 0.31 | −2.51 ± 0.24 | −1.98 ± 0.19 | −1.55 ± 0.15) | −0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.49 ± 0.10 |
Item 5 | 1.53 ± 0.15 | −3.03 ± 0.29 | −2.45 ± 0.22 | −1.94 ± 0.17 | −1.35 ± 0.13 | −0.54 ± 0.09 | 0.73 ± 0.11 |
Item 6 | 2.08 ± 0.21 | −2.87 ± 0.26 | −2.27 ± 0.18 | −2.04 ± 0.16 | −1.63 ± 0.13 | −1.01 ± 0.09 | 0.20 ± 0.08 |
Item 7 | 1.00 ± 0.12 | −3.23 ± 0.37 | −2.49 ± 0.28 | −1.72 ± 0.20 | −0.81 ± 0.13 | 0.17 ± 0.11 | 1.81 ± 0.22 |
Item 8 | 2.46 ± 0.25 | −2.69 ± 0.22 | −2.38 ± 0.18 | −1.82 ± 0.13 | −1.41 ± 0.10 | −0.65 ± 0.07 | 0.42 ± 0.08 |
Item 9 | 1. ± 0.12 | −3.51 ± 0.41 | −2.49 ± 0.28 | −1.76 ± 0.21 | −0.92 ± 0.14 | 0.21 ± 0.11 | 1.96 ± 0.24 |
Item 11 | 1.45 ± 0.15 | −4.43 ± 0.59 | −3.51 ± 0.37 | −2.35 ± 0.22 | −1.60 ± 0.15 | −0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.65 ± 0.11 |
WSCS | CM | WBNS—Relatedness | |
---|---|---|---|
WSCS | 0.763 | ||
CM | 0.457 ** | 0.840 | |
WBNS—Relatedness | 0.253 ** | 0.182 ** | 0.716 |
β | t | R2 | ΔR2 | ΔF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prosocial rule breaking | |||||
Step 1 | |||||
Social courage | 0.13 | 2.50 ** | 0.02 | 0.02 | 6.23 * |
Step 2 | |||||
Social courage | 0.06 | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 7.12 ** |
Courage | 0.15 | 2.67 ** | |||
Performance | |||||
Step 1 | |||||
Social courage | 0.32 | 6.46 *** | 0.10 | 0.10 | 41.74 *** |
Step 2 | |||||
Social courage | 0.19 | 3.60 *** | 0.16 | 0.06 | 26.08 *** |
Courage | 0.27 | 5.11 *** | |||
Autonomy | |||||
Step 1 | |||||
Social courage | 0.16 | 3.19 ** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 10.18 ** |
Step 2 | |||||
Social courage | 0.08 | 1.34 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 11.32 ** |
Courage | 0.19 | 3.36 ** | |||
Competence | |||||
Step 1 | |||||
Social courage | 0.35 | 7.36 *** | 0.13 | 0.13 | 54.16 *** |
Step 2 | |||||
Social courage | 0.22 | 4.20 *** | 0.20 | 0.07 | 33.01 *** |
Courage | 0.30 | 5.75 *** |
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Magnano, P.; Faraci, P.; Santisi, G.; Zammitti, A.; Zarbo, R.; Howard, M.C. Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050119
Magnano P, Faraci P, Santisi G, Zammitti A, Zarbo R, Howard MC. Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(5):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050119
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnano, Paola, Palmira Faraci, Giuseppe Santisi, Andrea Zammitti, Rita Zarbo, and Matt C. Howard. 2022. "Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 5: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050119
APA StyleMagnano, P., Faraci, P., Santisi, G., Zammitti, A., Zarbo, R., & Howard, M. C. (2022). Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS): New Evidence for Measurement Invariance and IRT Analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050119